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Die neuere Forschung konzentrierte sich zunächst vor allem auf die Möglichkeiten in der [[Kinderheilkunde]].<ref name="PMID17056869">Alternative approaches to conventional antiepileptic drugs in the management of paediatric epilepsy. Arch Dis Child 91(11):936-41 (2006) PMID 17056869 </ref><ref name="PMID15781928">Corticosteroids in the management of the paediatric epilepsies. Arch Dis Child 90(4):379-84 (2005) PMID 15781928 </ref><ref name="PMID14977713">Evidence based guideline for post-seizure management in children presenting acutely to secondary care. Arch Dis Child 89(3):278-80 (2004) PMID 14977713 </ref><ref name="PMID14670777">Mortality in paediatric epilepsy. Arch Dis Child 88(12):1091-4 (2003) PMID 14670777 </ref><ref name="PMID11040151">The treatment of convulsive status epilepticus in children. The Status Epilepticus Working Party, Members of the Status Epilepticus Working Party. Arch Dis Child 83(5):415-9 (2000) PMID 11040151 </ref><ref name="PMID10490446">Update on surgery for epilepsy. Arch Dis Child 81(4):356-9 (1999) PMID 10490446 </ref><ref name="PMID10490445">Typical absence seizures and their treatment. Arch Dis Child 81(4):351-5 (1999) PMID 10490445 </ref><ref name="PMID9771259">Emergency treatment of acute seizures and status epilepticus. Arch Dis Child 79(1):78-83 (1998) PMID 9771259 </ref><ref name="PMID9771258">Status epilepticus: pathophysiology, epidemiology, and outcomes. Arch Dis Child 79(1):73-7 (1998) PMID 9771258 </ref><ref name="PMID8976672">The new antiepileptic drugs. Arch Dis Child 75(3):256-62 (1996) PMID 8976672 </ref><ref name="PMID8546519">The place of the EEG and imaging in the management of seizures. Arch Dis Child 73(6):557-62 (1995) PMID 8546519 </ref><ref name="PMID8546518">The EEG and neuroimaging in the management of the epilepsies. Arch Dis Child 73(6):552-7 (1995) PMID 8546518 </ref><ref name="PMID1776899">Management of intractable epilepsy. Arch Dis Child 66(12):1454-6 (1991) PMID 1776899 </ref><ref name="PMID2649015">Surgery for epilepsy. Arch Dis Child 64(2):185-7 (1989) PMID 2649015 </ref><ref name="PMID3140737">Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy. Arch Dis Child 63(9):1049-53 (1988) PMID 3140737 </ref><ref name="PMID10488807">When to start and stop anticonvulsant therapy in children. Arch Neurol 56(9):1073-7 (1999) PMID 10488807 </ref><ref name="PMID18718967">Benign childhood focal epilepsies: assessment of established and newly recognized syndromes. Brain 131(Pt 9):2264-86 (2008) PMID 18718967 </ref><ref name="PMID8429319">Benign childhood partial epilepsies: benign childhood seizure susceptibility syndromes. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 56(1):2-5 (1993) PMID 8429319 </ref><ref name="PMID12509546">The role of emergent neuroimaging in children with new-onset afebrile seizures. Pediatrics 111(1):1-5 (2003) PMID 12509546 </ref>
Die neuere Forschung konzentrierte sich zunächst vor allem auf die Möglichkeiten in der [[Kinderheilkunde]].<ref name="PMID17056869">Alternative approaches to conventional antiepileptic drugs in the management of paediatric epilepsy. Arch Dis Child 91(11):936-41 (2006) PMID 17056869 </ref><ref name="PMID15781928">Corticosteroids in the management of the paediatric epilepsies. Arch Dis Child 90(4):379-84 (2005) PMID 15781928 </ref><ref name="PMID14977713">Evidence based guideline for post-seizure management in children presenting acutely to secondary care. Arch Dis Child 89(3):278-80 (2004) PMID 14977713 </ref><ref name="PMID14670777">Mortality in paediatric epilepsy. Arch Dis Child 88(12):1091-4 (2003) PMID 14670777 </ref><ref name="PMID11040151">The treatment of convulsive status epilepticus in children. The Status Epilepticus Working Party, Members of the Status Epilepticus Working Party. Arch Dis Child 83(5):415-9 (2000) PMID 11040151 </ref><ref name="PMID10490446">Update on surgery for epilepsy. Arch Dis Child 81(4):356-9 (1999) PMID 10490446 </ref><ref name="PMID10490445">Typical absence seizures and their treatment. Arch Dis Child 81(4):351-5 (1999) PMID 10490445 </ref><ref name="PMID9771259">Emergency treatment of acute seizures and status epilepticus. Arch Dis Child 79(1):78-83 (1998) PMID 9771259 </ref><ref name="PMID9771258">Status epilepticus: pathophysiology, epidemiology, and outcomes. Arch Dis Child 79(1):73-7 (1998) PMID 9771258 </ref><ref name="PMID8976672">The new antiepileptic drugs. Arch Dis Child 75(3):256-62 (1996) PMID 8976672 </ref><ref name="PMID8546519">The place of the EEG and imaging in the management of seizures. Arch Dis Child 73(6):557-62 (1995) PMID 8546519 </ref><ref name="PMID8546518">The EEG and neuroimaging in the management of the epilepsies. Arch Dis Child 73(6):552-7 (1995) PMID 8546518 </ref><ref name="PMID1776899">Management of intractable epilepsy. Arch Dis Child 66(12):1454-6 (1991) PMID 1776899 </ref><ref name="PMID2649015">Surgery for epilepsy. Arch Dis Child 64(2):185-7 (1989) PMID 2649015 </ref><ref name="PMID3140737">Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy. Arch Dis Child 63(9):1049-53 (1988) PMID 3140737 </ref><ref name="PMID10488807">When to start and stop anticonvulsant therapy in children. Arch Neurol 56(9):1073-7 (1999) PMID 10488807 </ref><ref name="PMID18718967">Benign childhood focal epilepsies: assessment of established and newly recognized syndromes. Brain 131(Pt 9):2264-86 (2008) PMID 18718967 </ref><ref name="PMID8429319">Benign childhood partial epilepsies: benign childhood seizure susceptibility syndromes. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 56(1):2-5 (1993) PMID 8429319 </ref><ref name="PMID12509546">The role of emergent neuroimaging in children with new-onset afebrile seizures. Pediatrics 111(1):1-5 (2003) PMID 12509546 </ref>


Es gibt umfangreiche Forschungsliteratur, die auch Beobachtungen an Tieren berücksichtigt,<ref name="PMID17571351">Relevance of seizure-induced neurogenesis in animal models of epilepsy to the etiology of temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsia 48 Suppl 2():33-41 (2007) PMID 17571351 </ref> wobei ein Schwerpunkt auf den Medikamenten liegt, die eingesetzt werden. So wurden zum Beispiel [[Bumetanid|Bumetanide]] untersucht.<ref>[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5487491/ Sivakumaran S, Maguire J]. Bumetanide reduces seizure progression and the development of pharmacoresistant status epilepticus. Epilepsia. 2016;57(2):222-232. doi:10.1111/epi.13270</ref><ref>[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0028390819303132?via%3Dihub Auer T, Schreppel P, Erker T, Schwarzer C.] Functional characterization of novel bumetanide derivatives for epilepsy treatment. Neuropharmacology. 2020 Jan 1;162:107754. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2019.107754. Epub 2019 Aug 30. PMID: 31476353.</ref><ref name="PMID12643343">Review of the newer antiepileptic drugs. Am J Manag Care 9(3):253-76; quiz 277-9 (2003) PMID 12643343 </ref><ref name="PMID11474769">The role of new antiepileptic drugs. Am J Manag Care 7(7 Suppl):S209-14 (2001) PMID 11474769 </ref><ref name="PMID8304660">The long-term therapeutic management of epilepsy. Ann Intern Med 120(5):411-22 (1994) PMID 8304660 </ref><ref name="PMID18268185">Stereotactic radiosurgery for treatment of epilepsy. Arch Neurol 65(2):177-83 (2008) PMID 18268185 </ref><ref name="PMID15364680">Monotherapy in epilepsy: role of the newer antiepileptic drugs. Arch Neurol 61(9):1361-5 (2004) PMID 15364680 </ref><ref name="PMID15313843">Treatment of refractory status epilepticus with inhalational anesthetic agents isoflurane and desflurane. Arch Neurol 61(8):1254-9 (2004) PMID 15313843 </ref> Ein weiteres Thema ist sind [[Diagnose]] und [[Therapie]]ansätze.<ref name="PMID15096393">Molecular basis of inherited epilepsy. Arch Neurol 61(4):473-8 (2004) PMID 15096393 </ref><ref name="PMID12873848">Recent advances in the treatment of epilepsy. Arch Neurol 60(7):929-35 (2003) PMID 12873848 </ref><ref name="PMID12020253">Therapy for the epilepsies. Arch Neurol 59(5):732-5 (2002) PMID 12020253 </ref><ref name="PMID11890838">Disorders of cortical development and epilepsy. Arch Neurol 59(3):361-5 (2002) PMID 11890838 </ref><ref name="PMID11843688">Refractory status epilepticus in 2001. Arch Neurol 59(2):188-9 (2002) PMID 11843688 </ref> Auch die Nebenwirkungen werden untersucht.<ref>Josephson CB, Wiebe S, Delgado-Garcia G, et al. Association of Enzyme-Inducing Antiseizure Drug Use With Long-term [https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaneurology/article-abstract/2784443 Cardiovascular Disease. JAMA Neurol.] Published online October 04, 2021.doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2021.3424 </ref> Insbesondere im Rahmen der Früherkennung<ref name="PMID11594910">The early identification of candidates for epilepsy surgery. Arch Neurol 58(10):1543-6 (2001) PMID 11594910 </ref><ref name="PMID11296007">The requirement for ictal EEG recordings prior to temporal lobe epilepsy surgery. Arch Neurol 58(4):678-80 (2001) PMID 11296007 </ref> zeigte sich,<ref name="PMID17947336">The frequency, complications and aetiology of ADHD in new onset paediatric epilepsy. Brain 130(Pt 12):3135-48 (2007) PMID 17947336 </ref><ref name="PMID17586868">EEG-fMRI in the preoperative work-up for epilepsy surgery. Brain 130(Pt 9):2343-53 (2007) PMID 17586868 </ref> dass die Zahl der Anfälle ohne eine Behandlung zunimmt - mit entsprechenden negativen Folgen für die Betroffenen.<ref name="PMID17124190">Long-term outcomes in epilepsy surgery: antiepileptic drugs, mortality, cognitive and psychosocial aspects. Brain 130(Pt 2):334-45 (2007) PMID 17124190 </ref><ref name="PMID17008335">Seizure prediction: the long and winding road. Brain 130(Pt 2):314-33 (2007) PMID 17008335 </ref><ref name="PMID16317026">Molecular and cellular mechanisms of pharmacoresistance in epilepsy. Brain 129(Pt 1):18-35 (2006) PMID 16317026 </ref><ref name="PMID15758032">Quantitative post-mortem study of the hippocampus in chronic epilepsy: seizures do not inevitably cause neuronal loss. Brain 128(Pt 6):1344-57 (2005) PMID 15758032 </ref><ref name="PMID15758038">Long-term seizure outcomes following epilepsy surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Brain 128(Pt 5):1188-98 (2005) PMID 15758038 </ref><ref name="PMID12615636">Occipital epilepsies: identification of specific and newly recognized syndromes. Brain 126(Pt 4):753-69 (2003) PMID 12615636 </ref> Die Ursachenforschung erscheint teilweise zweitrangig, zumal es sich meist um genetische Ursachen handelt.<ref name="PMID15090473">Idiopathic partial epilepsy with auditory features (IPEAF): a clinical and genetic study of 53 sporadic cases. Brain 127(Pt 6):1343-52 (2004) PMID 15090473 </ref><ref name="PMID12566273">Severe infantile epilepsies: molecular genetics challenge clinical classification. Brain 126(Pt 3):513-4 (2003) PMID 12566273 </ref><ref name="PMID16049035">Sacred disease secrets revealed: the genetics of human epilepsy. Hum Mol Genet 14(17):2491-500 (2005) PMID 16049035 </ref> Es gibt aber auch andere Ursachen,<ref name="PMID14570824">Genetics of temporal lobe epilepsy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 74(10):1359-61 (2003) PMID 14570824 </ref><ref name="PMID12183340">Disease modification in partial epilepsy. Brain 125(Pt 9):1937-50 (2002) PMID 12183340 </ref><ref name="PMID11701591">Ictal bradycardia in partial epileptic seizures: Autonomic investigation in three cases and literature review. Brain 124(Pt 12):2361-71 (2001) PMID 11701591 </ref><ref name="PMID11522572">Presurgical evaluation of epilepsy. Brain 124(Pt 9):1683-700 (2001) PMID 11522572 </ref><ref name="PMID10506085">Chandelier cells and epilepsy. Brain 122 ( Pt 10)():1807-22 (1999) PMID 10506085 </ref><ref name="PMID10356056">Nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy. A clinical and polygraphic overview of 100 consecutive cases. Brain 122 ( Pt 6)():1017-31 (1999) PMID 10356056 </ref><ref name="PMID10356054">Hippocampal sclerosis and temporal lobe epilepsy: cause or consequence? Brain 122 ( Pt 6)():1007-8 (1999) PMID 10356054 </ref><ref name="PMID9117380">Imaging and epilepsy. Brain 120 ( Pt 2)():339-77 (1997) PMID 9117380 </ref><ref name="PMID4581416">Recent progress in epilepsy. Diagnostic procedures and treatment. Calif Med 119(1):19-48 (1973) PMID 4581416 </ref><ref name="PMID4894817">Clinical aspects of temporal lobe epilepsy--a review. Calif Med 110(4):325-9 (1969) PMID 4894817 </ref><ref name="PMID6336967">Drug treatment of epilepsy: a review. Can Med Assoc J 128(3):261-70 (1983) PMID 6336967 </ref><ref name="PMID15302747">The management of status epilepticus. Chest 126(2):582-91 (2004) PMID 15302747 </ref><ref name="PMID18503563">How do seizures stop? Epilepsia 49(10):1651-64 (2008) PMID 18503563 </ref><ref name="PMID18522600">Neurogenesis and epilepsy in the developing brain. Epilepsia 49 Suppl 5():50-4 (2008) PMID 18522600 </ref><ref name="PMID10825348">Surgery for malformations of cortical development causing epilepsy. Brain 123 ( Pt 6)():1075-91 (2000) PMID 10825348 </ref> zum Beispiel eine schwere Hirnverletzung.<ref name="PMID16477313">Posttraumatic epilepsy: a major problem in desperate need of major advances. Epilepsy Curr 6(1):1-5 (2006) PMID 16477313 </ref><ref name="PMID16372050">Imaging of serotonin mechanisms in epilepsy. Epilepsy Curr 5(6):201-6 (2005) PMID 16372050 </ref><ref name="PMID12397134">Surgical treatment of temporal lobe epilepsy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 73(5):470 (2002) PMID 12397134 </ref><ref name="PMID11254763">The outcome of epilepsy surgery. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 70(4):432 (2001) PMID 11254763 </ref><ref name="PMID11160458">New drug treatments for epilepsy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 70(2):143-7 (2001) PMID 11160458 </ref><ref name="PMID11080217">Epilepsy: an autoimmune disease? J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 69(6):711-4 (2000) PMID 11080217 </ref><ref name="PMID10864594">The psychoses of epilepsy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 69(1):1-3 (2000) PMID 10864594 </ref><ref name="PMID8158172">Epilepsy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 57(3):264-77 (1994) PMID 8158172 </ref><ref name="PMID8436999">Tonic clonic status epilepticus. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 56(2):125-34 (1993) PMID 8436999 </ref><ref name="PMID6405014">Prolactin and gonadotrophin changes following generalised and partial seizures. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 46(4):331-5 (1983) PMID 6405014 </ref><ref name="PMID8207463">Cellular and molecular basis of epilepsy. J Neurosci 14(6):3413-25 (1994) PMID 8207463 </ref><ref name="PMID14762041">The new antiepileptic drugs: clinical applications. JAMA 291(5):615-20 (2004) PMID 14762041 </ref><ref name="PMID14762040">The new antiepileptic drugs: scientific review. JAMA 291(5):605-14 (2004) PMID 14762040 </ref><ref name="PMID15595331">Seizure prophylaxis in patients with brain tumors: a meta-analysis. Mayo Clin Proc 79(12):1489-94 (2004) PMID 15595331 </ref><ref name="PMID12934792">Neuropsychiatric and memory issues in epilepsy. Mayo Clin Proc 78(6):781-7 (2003) PMID 12934792 </ref><ref name="PMID12683704">New management strategies in the treatment of status epilepticus. Mayo Clin Proc 78(4):508-18 (2003) PMID 12683704 </ref><ref name="PMID12630591">Therapeutics in pediatric epilepsy, Part 2: Epilepsy surgery and vagus nerve stimulation. Mayo Clin Proc 78(3):371-8 (2003) PMID 12630591 </ref><ref name="PMID12630590">Therapeutics in pediatric epilepsy, Part 1: The new antiepileptic drugs and the ketogenic diet. Mayo Clin Proc 78(3):359-70 (2003) PMID 12630590 </ref><ref name="PMID12583536">Neurostimulation therapy for epilepsy: current modalities and future directions. Mayo Clin Proc 78(2):238-48 (2003) PMID 12583536 </ref><ref name="PMID12479528">Antiepileptic drug withdrawal: literature review. Mayo Clin Proc 77(12):1378-88 (2002) PMID 12479528 </ref><ref name="PMID12479527">Antiepileptic drug therapy for adults: when to initiate and how to choose. Mayo Clin Proc 77(12):1367-75 (2002) PMID 12479527 </ref><ref name="PMID12440562">Role of neuroimaging in the management of seizure disorders. Mayo Clin Proc 77(11):1251-64 (2002) PMID 12440562 </ref><ref name="PMID12374255">Clinical indications and diagnostic yield of video-electroencephalographic monitoring in patients with seizures and spells. Mayo Clin Proc 77(10):1111-20 (2002) PMID 12374255 </ref><ref name="PMID12233935">Role and limitations of routine and ambulatory scalp electroencephalography in diagnosing and managing seizures. Mayo Clin Proc 77(9):991-8 (2002) PMID 12233935 </ref><ref name="PMID12233934">Characteristics of the epilepsies. Mayo Clin Proc 77(9):981-90 (2002) PMID 12233934 </ref><ref name="PMID17099091">Generalised convulsive status epilepticus: an overview. Postgrad Med J 82(973):723-32 (2006) PMID 17099091 </ref><ref name="PMID16954451">Post-stroke seizure and post-stroke epilepsy. Postgrad Med J 82(971):568-72 (2006) PMID 16954451 </ref><ref name="PMID16085740">The approach to patients with &quot;non-epileptic seizures&quot;. Postgrad Med J 81(958):498-504 (2005) PMID 16085740 </ref><ref name="PMID15466993">New drugs for the treatment of epilepsy: a practical approach. Postgrad Med J 80(948):581-7 (2004) PMID 15466993 </ref><ref name="PMID11527850">Seizure disorders: Part 2. Treatment. West J Med 175(3):184-8 (2001) PMID 11527850 </ref><ref name="PMID1812633">Status epilepticus. Clinical features, pathophysiology, and treatment. West J Med 155(6):626-31 (1991) PMID 1812633 </ref><ref>[http://www.seizure-journal.com/article/S1059-1311(10)00258-X/pdf Antiepileptic drug therapy the story so far] Seizure 19:650-655(2010)</ref><ref>[https://www.brainanddevelopment.com/article/S0387-7604(02)00003-7/fulltext Katayama F, Miura H, Takanashi S. Long-term effectiveness and side effects of acetazolamide as an adjunct to other anticonvulsants in the treatment of refractory epilepsies. Brain Dev. 2002 Apr;24(3):150-4]</ref><ref>[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1046/j.1528-1157.2001.042suppl.3031.x?sid=nlm%3Apubmed Perucca E. The management of refractory idiopathic epilepsies. Epilepsia. 2001;42 Suppl 3:31-5]</ref> sowie [[psychogen]]e, nicht-epileptische Anfälle,<ref name="awmf">{{AWMF|http://www.awmf.org/leitlinien/detail/ll/030-041.html|Erster epileptischer Anfall und Epilepsien im Erwachsenenalter|S1|Deutschen Gesellschaft für Neurologie|2012}}</ref> wobei die Abgrenzung teilweise schwierig ist.
Es gibt umfangreiche Forschungsliteratur, die auch Beobachtungen an Tieren berücksichtigt,<ref name="PMID17571351">Relevance of seizure-induced neurogenesis in animal models of epilepsy to the etiology of temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsia 48 Suppl 2():33-41 (2007) PMID 17571351 </ref> wobei ein Schwerpunkt auf den Medikamenten liegt, die eingesetzt werden. So wurden zum Beispiel [[Bumetanid|Bumetanide]] untersucht.<ref>[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5487491/ Sivakumaran S, Maguire J]. Bumetanide reduces seizure progression and the development of pharmacoresistant status epilepticus. Epilepsia. 2016;57(2):222-232. doi:10.1111/epi.13270</ref><ref>[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0028390819303132?via%3Dihub Auer T, Schreppel P, Erker T, Schwarzer C.] Functional characterization of novel bumetanide derivatives for epilepsy treatment. Neuropharmacology. 2020 Jan 1;162:107754. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2019.107754. Epub 2019 Aug 30. PMID: 31476353.</ref><ref name="PMID12643343">Review of the newer antiepileptic drugs. Am J Manag Care 9(3):253-76; quiz 277-9 (2003) PMID 12643343 </ref><ref name="PMID11474769">The role of new antiepileptic drugs. Am J Manag Care 7(7 Suppl):S209-14 (2001) PMID 11474769 </ref><ref name="PMID8304660">The long-term therapeutic management of epilepsy. Ann Intern Med 120(5):411-22 (1994) PMID 8304660 </ref><ref name="PMID18268185">Stereotactic radiosurgery for treatment of epilepsy. Arch Neurol 65(2):177-83 (2008) PMID 18268185 </ref><ref name="PMID15364680">Monotherapy in epilepsy: role of the newer antiepileptic drugs. Arch Neurol 61(9):1361-5 (2004) PMID 15364680 </ref><ref name="PMID15313843">Treatment of refractory status epilepticus with inhalational anesthetic agents isoflurane and desflurane. Arch Neurol 61(8):1254-9 (2004) PMID 15313843 </ref> Ein weiteres Thema sind [[Diagnose]] und [[Therapie]]ansätze.<ref name="PMID15096393">Molecular basis of inherited epilepsy. Arch Neurol 61(4):473-8 (2004) PMID 15096393 </ref><ref name="PMID12873848">Recent advances in the treatment of epilepsy. Arch Neurol 60(7):929-35 (2003) PMID 12873848 </ref><ref name="PMID12020253">Therapy for the epilepsies. Arch Neurol 59(5):732-5 (2002) PMID 12020253 </ref><ref name="PMID11890838">Disorders of cortical development and epilepsy. Arch Neurol 59(3):361-5 (2002) PMID 11890838 </ref><ref name="PMID11843688">Refractory status epilepticus in 2001. Arch Neurol 59(2):188-9 (2002) PMID 11843688 </ref> Auch die Nebenwirkungen werden untersucht.<ref>Josephson CB, Wiebe S, Delgado-Garcia G, et al. Association of Enzyme-Inducing Antiseizure Drug Use With Long-term [https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaneurology/article-abstract/2784443 Cardiovascular Disease. JAMA Neurol.] Published online October 04, 2021.doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2021.3424 </ref> Insbesondere im Rahmen der Früherkennung<ref name="PMID11594910">The early identification of candidates for epilepsy surgery. Arch Neurol 58(10):1543-6 (2001) PMID 11594910 </ref><ref name="PMID11296007">The requirement for ictal EEG recordings prior to temporal lobe epilepsy surgery. Arch Neurol 58(4):678-80 (2001) PMID 11296007 </ref> zeigte sich,<ref name="PMID17947336">The frequency, complications and aetiology of ADHD in new onset paediatric epilepsy. Brain 130(Pt 12):3135-48 (2007) PMID 17947336 </ref><ref name="PMID17586868">EEG-fMRI in the preoperative work-up for epilepsy surgery. Brain 130(Pt 9):2343-53 (2007) PMID 17586868 </ref> dass die Zahl der Anfälle ohne eine Behandlung zunimmt - mit entsprechenden negativen Folgen für die Betroffenen.<ref name="PMID17124190">Long-term outcomes in epilepsy surgery: antiepileptic drugs, mortality, cognitive and psychosocial aspects. Brain 130(Pt 2):334-45 (2007) PMID 17124190 </ref><ref name="PMID17008335">Seizure prediction: the long and winding road. Brain 130(Pt 2):314-33 (2007) PMID 17008335 </ref><ref name="PMID16317026">Molecular and cellular mechanisms of pharmacoresistance in epilepsy. Brain 129(Pt 1):18-35 (2006) PMID 16317026 </ref><ref name="PMID15758032">Quantitative post-mortem study of the hippocampus in chronic epilepsy: seizures do not inevitably cause neuronal loss. Brain 128(Pt 6):1344-57 (2005) PMID 15758032 </ref><ref name="PMID15758038">Long-term seizure outcomes following epilepsy surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Brain 128(Pt 5):1188-98 (2005) PMID 15758038 </ref><ref name="PMID12615636">Occipital epilepsies: identification of specific and newly recognized syndromes. Brain 126(Pt 4):753-69 (2003) PMID 12615636 </ref> Die Ursachenforschung erscheint teilweise zweitrangig, zumal es sich meist um genetische Ursachen handelt.<ref name="PMID15090473">Idiopathic partial epilepsy with auditory features (IPEAF): a clinical and genetic study of 53 sporadic cases. Brain 127(Pt 6):1343-52 (2004) PMID 15090473 </ref><ref name="PMID12566273">Severe infantile epilepsies: molecular genetics challenge clinical classification. Brain 126(Pt 3):513-4 (2003) PMID 12566273 </ref><ref name="PMID16049035">Sacred disease secrets revealed: the genetics of human epilepsy. Hum Mol Genet 14(17):2491-500 (2005) PMID 16049035 </ref> Es gibt aber auch andere Ursachen,<ref name="PMID14570824">Genetics of temporal lobe epilepsy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 74(10):1359-61 (2003) PMID 14570824 </ref><ref name="PMID12183340">Disease modification in partial epilepsy. Brain 125(Pt 9):1937-50 (2002) PMID 12183340 </ref><ref name="PMID11701591">Ictal bradycardia in partial epileptic seizures: Autonomic investigation in three cases and literature review. Brain 124(Pt 12):2361-71 (2001) PMID 11701591 </ref><ref name="PMID11522572">Presurgical evaluation of epilepsy. Brain 124(Pt 9):1683-700 (2001) PMID 11522572 </ref><ref name="PMID10506085">Chandelier cells and epilepsy. Brain 122 ( Pt 10)():1807-22 (1999) PMID 10506085 </ref><ref name="PMID10356056">Nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy. A clinical and polygraphic overview of 100 consecutive cases. Brain 122 ( Pt 6)():1017-31 (1999) PMID 10356056 </ref><ref name="PMID10356054">Hippocampal sclerosis and temporal lobe epilepsy: cause or consequence? Brain 122 ( Pt 6)():1007-8 (1999) PMID 10356054 </ref><ref name="PMID9117380">Imaging and epilepsy. Brain 120 ( Pt 2)():339-77 (1997) PMID 9117380 </ref><ref name="PMID4581416">Recent progress in epilepsy. Diagnostic procedures and treatment. Calif Med 119(1):19-48 (1973) PMID 4581416 </ref><ref name="PMID4894817">Clinical aspects of temporal lobe epilepsy--a review. Calif Med 110(4):325-9 (1969) PMID 4894817 </ref><ref name="PMID6336967">Drug treatment of epilepsy: a review. Can Med Assoc J 128(3):261-70 (1983) PMID 6336967 </ref><ref name="PMID15302747">The management of status epilepticus. Chest 126(2):582-91 (2004) PMID 15302747 </ref><ref name="PMID18503563">How do seizures stop? Epilepsia 49(10):1651-64 (2008) PMID 18503563 </ref><ref name="PMID18522600">Neurogenesis and epilepsy in the developing brain. Epilepsia 49 Suppl 5():50-4 (2008) PMID 18522600 </ref><ref name="PMID10825348">Surgery for malformations of cortical development causing epilepsy. Brain 123 ( Pt 6)():1075-91 (2000) PMID 10825348 </ref> zum Beispiel eine schwere Hirnverletzung.<ref name="PMID16477313">Posttraumatic epilepsy: a major problem in desperate need of major advances. Epilepsy Curr 6(1):1-5 (2006) PMID 16477313 </ref><ref name="PMID16372050">Imaging of serotonin mechanisms in epilepsy. Epilepsy Curr 5(6):201-6 (2005) PMID 16372050 </ref><ref name="PMID12397134">Surgical treatment of temporal lobe epilepsy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 73(5):470 (2002) PMID 12397134 </ref><ref name="PMID11254763">The outcome of epilepsy surgery. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 70(4):432 (2001) PMID 11254763 </ref><ref name="PMID11160458">New drug treatments for epilepsy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 70(2):143-7 (2001) PMID 11160458 </ref><ref name="PMID11080217">Epilepsy: an autoimmune disease? J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 69(6):711-4 (2000) PMID 11080217 </ref><ref name="PMID10864594">The psychoses of epilepsy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 69(1):1-3 (2000) PMID 10864594 </ref><ref name="PMID8158172">Epilepsy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 57(3):264-77 (1994) PMID 8158172 </ref><ref name="PMID8436999">Tonic clonic status epilepticus. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 56(2):125-34 (1993) PMID 8436999 </ref><ref name="PMID6405014">Prolactin and gonadotrophin changes following generalised and partial seizures. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 46(4):331-5 (1983) PMID 6405014 </ref><ref name="PMID8207463">Cellular and molecular basis of epilepsy. J Neurosci 14(6):3413-25 (1994) PMID 8207463 </ref><ref name="PMID14762041">The new antiepileptic drugs: clinical applications. JAMA 291(5):615-20 (2004) PMID 14762041 </ref><ref name="PMID14762040">The new antiepileptic drugs: scientific review. JAMA 291(5):605-14 (2004) PMID 14762040 </ref><ref name="PMID15595331">Seizure prophylaxis in patients with brain tumors: a meta-analysis. Mayo Clin Proc 79(12):1489-94 (2004) PMID 15595331 </ref><ref name="PMID12934792">Neuropsychiatric and memory issues in epilepsy. Mayo Clin Proc 78(6):781-7 (2003) PMID 12934792 </ref><ref name="PMID12683704">New management strategies in the treatment of status epilepticus. Mayo Clin Proc 78(4):508-18 (2003) PMID 12683704 </ref><ref name="PMID12630591">Therapeutics in pediatric epilepsy, Part 2: Epilepsy surgery and vagus nerve stimulation. Mayo Clin Proc 78(3):371-8 (2003) PMID 12630591 </ref><ref name="PMID12630590">Therapeutics in pediatric epilepsy, Part 1: The new antiepileptic drugs and the ketogenic diet. Mayo Clin Proc 78(3):359-70 (2003) PMID 12630590 </ref><ref name="PMID12583536">Neurostimulation therapy for epilepsy: current modalities and future directions. Mayo Clin Proc 78(2):238-48 (2003) PMID 12583536 </ref><ref name="PMID12479528">Antiepileptic drug withdrawal: literature review. Mayo Clin Proc 77(12):1378-88 (2002) PMID 12479528 </ref><ref name="PMID12479527">Antiepileptic drug therapy for adults: when to initiate and how to choose. Mayo Clin Proc 77(12):1367-75 (2002) PMID 12479527 </ref><ref name="PMID12440562">Role of neuroimaging in the management of seizure disorders. Mayo Clin Proc 77(11):1251-64 (2002) PMID 12440562 </ref><ref name="PMID12374255">Clinical indications and diagnostic yield of video-electroencephalographic monitoring in patients with seizures and spells. Mayo Clin Proc 77(10):1111-20 (2002) PMID 12374255 </ref><ref name="PMID12233935">Role and limitations of routine and ambulatory scalp electroencephalography in diagnosing and managing seizures. Mayo Clin Proc 77(9):991-8 (2002) PMID 12233935 </ref><ref name="PMID12233934">Characteristics of the epilepsies. Mayo Clin Proc 77(9):981-90 (2002) PMID 12233934 </ref><ref name="PMID17099091">Generalised convulsive status epilepticus: an overview. Postgrad Med J 82(973):723-32 (2006) PMID 17099091 </ref><ref name="PMID16954451">Post-stroke seizure and post-stroke epilepsy. Postgrad Med J 82(971):568-72 (2006) PMID 16954451 </ref><ref name="PMID16085740">The approach to patients with &quot;non-epileptic seizures&quot;. Postgrad Med J 81(958):498-504 (2005) PMID 16085740 </ref><ref name="PMID15466993">New drugs for the treatment of epilepsy: a practical approach. Postgrad Med J 80(948):581-7 (2004) PMID 15466993 </ref><ref name="PMID11527850">Seizure disorders: Part 2. Treatment. West J Med 175(3):184-8 (2001) PMID 11527850 </ref><ref name="PMID1812633">Status epilepticus. Clinical features, pathophysiology, and treatment. West J Med 155(6):626-31 (1991) PMID 1812633 </ref><ref>[http://www.seizure-journal.com/article/S1059-1311(10)00258-X/pdf Antiepileptic drug therapy the story so far] Seizure 19:650-655(2010)</ref><ref>[https://www.brainanddevelopment.com/article/S0387-7604(02)00003-7/fulltext Katayama F, Miura H, Takanashi S. Long-term effectiveness and side effects of acetazolamide as an adjunct to other anticonvulsants in the treatment of refractory epilepsies. Brain Dev. 2002 Apr;24(3):150-4]</ref><ref>[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1046/j.1528-1157.2001.042suppl.3031.x?sid=nlm%3Apubmed Perucca E. The management of refractory idiopathic epilepsies. Epilepsia. 2001;42 Suppl 3:31-5]</ref> sowie [[psychogen]]e, nicht-epileptische Anfälle,<ref name="awmf">{{AWMF|http://www.awmf.org/leitlinien/detail/ll/030-041.html|Erster epileptischer Anfall und Epilepsien im Erwachsenenalter|S1|Deutschen Gesellschaft für Neurologie|2012}}</ref> wobei die Abgrenzung teilweise schwierig ist.


== Siehe auch ==
== Siehe auch ==

Version vom 22. Oktober 2021, 23:55 Uhr

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Klassifikation nach ICD-10
G40.– Epilepsie
G41.– Status epilepticus
ICD-10-GM Version 2020

Epilepsie (von altgriechisch ἐπίληψις epílēpsis Angriff, Überfall) bezeichnet eine Erkrankung mit spontan auftretenden Krampfanfällen, die nicht durch eine aktuell bestehende, erkennbare Ursache (beispielsweise eine akute Entzündung des Gehirns, einen Schlaganfall oder eine Kopfverletzung) oder unmittelbar durch einen anderen Auslöser (wie Entzug von Alkohol bei bestehender Alkoholabhängigkeit, Drogen oder massivem Schlafmangel) hervorgerufen wurden. Der Begriff ist seit dem 16. Jahrhundert nachweisbar.[1]

Fehler beim Erstellen des Vorschaubildes: Datei fehlt

Epileptische Anfälle können sehr verschieden ablaufen. Die Internationale Liga gegen Epilepsie (ILAE) beschloss in den 1960er Jahren erstmals, eine einheitliche Klassifikation (Einteilung) der Anfälle sowie der Epilepsien und Epilepsie-Syndrome zu erstellen, die 1970 veröffentlicht wurde.[2]

Der einzelne Anfall ist eine Folge plötzlich auftretender, synchroner elektrischer Entladungen[3] von Nervenzellen (Neuronengruppen) im Gehirn, die zu ungewollten stereotypen Bewegungs- oder Befindensstörungen führen.

Häufig werden die Nebenwirkungen der Medikamente, die zur Behandlung eingesetzt werden, in Bezug auf Kinder diskutiert.

Fehler beim Erstellen des Vorschaubildes: Datei fehlt Bitte den Hinweis zu Gesundheitsthemen beachten!

Forschungsgeschichte

Bei Griechen der Antike galt Epilepsie als „heilige Krankheit“[4] und „als Besessensein von der göttlichen Macht“. Bereits 400 v. Chr. wandte sich jedoch der griechische Arzt Hippokrates gegen diese Sichtweise.[5][6] und vertrat die Ansicht, jede Krankheit habe eine natürliche Ursache und die Therapie habe dementsprechend auch mit natürlichen Mitteln zu erfolgen.[7] Auch im Mittelalter wurde Epilepsie häufig als göttliche Strafe oder „dämonische Besessenheit“ interpretiert. Paracelsus (1493–1541) betonte allerdings, dass keine unnatürliche, mystische Ursache vorliege, und verwies darauf, dass auch Tiere („vih“) an Epilepsie erkranken können.

Während der Zeit des Nationalsozialismus in Deutschland galten Menschen, die von einer genetischen oder häufig auch nur vermeintlich genetischen Epilepsie betroffen waren, wie viele andere „Behinderte“ als „lebensunwertes Leben“. Nach dem Gesetz zur Verhütung erbkranken Nachwuchses (GezVeN) vom 14. Juli 1933 wurden Menschen mit „erblicher Fallsucht“ zwangssterilisiert. Viele von ihnen fielen ab 1940 den Krankenmorden der sogenannten Aktion T4 zum Opfer.[8]

Die neuere Forschung konzentrierte sich zunächst vor allem auf die Möglichkeiten in der Kinderheilkunde.[9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27]

Es gibt umfangreiche Forschungsliteratur, die auch Beobachtungen an Tieren berücksichtigt,[28] wobei ein Schwerpunkt auf den Medikamenten liegt, die eingesetzt werden. So wurden zum Beispiel Bumetanide untersucht.[29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36] Ein weiteres Thema sind Diagnose und Therapieansätze.[37][38][39][40][41] Auch die Nebenwirkungen werden untersucht.[42] Insbesondere im Rahmen der Früherkennung[43][44] zeigte sich,[45][46] dass die Zahl der Anfälle ohne eine Behandlung zunimmt - mit entsprechenden negativen Folgen für die Betroffenen.[47][48][49][50][51][52] Die Ursachenforschung erscheint teilweise zweitrangig, zumal es sich meist um genetische Ursachen handelt.[53][54][55] Es gibt aber auch andere Ursachen,[56][57][58][59][60][61][62][63][64][65][66][67][68][69][70] zum Beispiel eine schwere Hirnverletzung.[71][72][73][74][75][76][77][78][79][80][81][82][83][84][85][86][87][88][89][90][91][92][93][94][95][96][97][98][99][100][101][102][103][104] sowie psychogene, nicht-epileptische Anfälle,[105] wobei die Abgrenzung teilweise schwierig ist.

Siehe auch

Einzelnachweise

  1. ↑ Kluge: Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache. 24. Auflage.
  2. ↑  H. Gastaut: Clinical and electroencephalographical classification of epileptic seizures. In: Epilepsia. 11, Nr. 1, 1970, S. 102–113, doi:10.1111/j.1528-1157.1970.tb03871.x.
  3. ↑ Voltage-gated calcium channels and idiopathic generalized epilepsies. Physiol Rev 86(3):941-66 (2006) PMID 16816142
  4. ↑ Evert Dirk Baumann: Die Heilige Krankheit. In: Janus. 29, 1925, S. 7–32.
  5. ↑ Hippokrates: Über die heilige Krankheit. Kapitel 1, 2, 7.
  6. ↑ Die hippokratische Schrift „Über die heilige Krankheit“. Hrsg., übersetzt und erläutert von Hermann Grensemann, Berlin 1968 (= Ars Medica. Texte und Untersuchungen zur Quellenkunde der Alten Medizin, II, 1).
  7. ↑ Jutta Kollesch, Diethard Nickel: Antike Heilkunst. Ausgewählte Texte aus dem medizinischen Schrifttum der Griechen und Römer. Philipp Reclam jun., Leipzig 1979 (= Reclams Universal-Bibliothek. Band 771); 6. Auflage ebenda 1989, ISBN 3-379-00411-1, S. 30, 127–133 und 193, Anm. 1.
  8. ↑ Epilepsiekranke während der Zeit des Nationalsozialismus (Thema auf der Webpräsenz des Deutschen Epilepsiemuseums Kork)
  9. ↑ Alternative approaches to conventional antiepileptic drugs in the management of paediatric epilepsy. Arch Dis Child 91(11):936-41 (2006) PMID 17056869
  10. ↑ Corticosteroids in the management of the paediatric epilepsies. Arch Dis Child 90(4):379-84 (2005) PMID 15781928
  11. ↑ Evidence based guideline for post-seizure management in children presenting acutely to secondary care. Arch Dis Child 89(3):278-80 (2004) PMID 14977713
  12. ↑ Mortality in paediatric epilepsy. Arch Dis Child 88(12):1091-4 (2003) PMID 14670777
  13. ↑ The treatment of convulsive status epilepticus in children. The Status Epilepticus Working Party, Members of the Status Epilepticus Working Party. Arch Dis Child 83(5):415-9 (2000) PMID 11040151
  14. ↑ Update on surgery for epilepsy. Arch Dis Child 81(4):356-9 (1999) PMID 10490446
  15. ↑ Typical absence seizures and their treatment. Arch Dis Child 81(4):351-5 (1999) PMID 10490445
  16. ↑ Emergency treatment of acute seizures and status epilepticus. Arch Dis Child 79(1):78-83 (1998) PMID 9771259
  17. ↑ Status epilepticus: pathophysiology, epidemiology, and outcomes. Arch Dis Child 79(1):73-7 (1998) PMID 9771258
  18. ↑ The new antiepileptic drugs. Arch Dis Child 75(3):256-62 (1996) PMID 8976672
  19. ↑ The place of the EEG and imaging in the management of seizures. Arch Dis Child 73(6):557-62 (1995) PMID 8546519
  20. ↑ The EEG and neuroimaging in the management of the epilepsies. Arch Dis Child 73(6):552-7 (1995) PMID 8546518
  21. ↑ Management of intractable epilepsy. Arch Dis Child 66(12):1454-6 (1991) PMID 1776899
  22. ↑ Surgery for epilepsy. Arch Dis Child 64(2):185-7 (1989) PMID 2649015
  23. ↑ Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy. Arch Dis Child 63(9):1049-53 (1988) PMID 3140737
  24. ↑ When to start and stop anticonvulsant therapy in children. Arch Neurol 56(9):1073-7 (1999) PMID 10488807
  25. ↑ Benign childhood focal epilepsies: assessment of established and newly recognized syndromes. Brain 131(Pt 9):2264-86 (2008) PMID 18718967
  26. ↑ Benign childhood partial epilepsies: benign childhood seizure susceptibility syndromes. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 56(1):2-5 (1993) PMID 8429319
  27. ↑ The role of emergent neuroimaging in children with new-onset afebrile seizures. Pediatrics 111(1):1-5 (2003) PMID 12509546
  28. ↑ Relevance of seizure-induced neurogenesis in animal models of epilepsy to the etiology of temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsia 48 Suppl 2():33-41 (2007) PMID 17571351
  29. ↑ Sivakumaran S, Maguire J. Bumetanide reduces seizure progression and the development of pharmacoresistant status epilepticus. Epilepsia. 2016;57(2):222-232. doi:10.1111/epi.13270
  30. ↑ Auer T, Schreppel P, Erker T, Schwarzer C. Functional characterization of novel bumetanide derivatives for epilepsy treatment. Neuropharmacology. 2020 Jan 1;162:107754. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2019.107754. Epub 2019 Aug 30. PMID: 31476353.
  31. ↑ Review of the newer antiepileptic drugs. Am J Manag Care 9(3):253-76; quiz 277-9 (2003) PMID 12643343
  32. ↑ The role of new antiepileptic drugs. Am J Manag Care 7(7 Suppl):S209-14 (2001) PMID 11474769
  33. ↑ The long-term therapeutic management of epilepsy. Ann Intern Med 120(5):411-22 (1994) PMID 8304660
  34. ↑ Stereotactic radiosurgery for treatment of epilepsy. Arch Neurol 65(2):177-83 (2008) PMID 18268185
  35. ↑ Monotherapy in epilepsy: role of the newer antiepileptic drugs. Arch Neurol 61(9):1361-5 (2004) PMID 15364680
  36. ↑ Treatment of refractory status epilepticus with inhalational anesthetic agents isoflurane and desflurane. Arch Neurol 61(8):1254-9 (2004) PMID 15313843
  37. ↑ Molecular basis of inherited epilepsy. Arch Neurol 61(4):473-8 (2004) PMID 15096393
  38. ↑ Recent advances in the treatment of epilepsy. Arch Neurol 60(7):929-35 (2003) PMID 12873848
  39. ↑ Therapy for the epilepsies. Arch Neurol 59(5):732-5 (2002) PMID 12020253
  40. ↑ Disorders of cortical development and epilepsy. Arch Neurol 59(3):361-5 (2002) PMID 11890838
  41. ↑ Refractory status epilepticus in 2001. Arch Neurol 59(2):188-9 (2002) PMID 11843688
  42. ↑ Josephson CB, Wiebe S, Delgado-Garcia G, et al. Association of Enzyme-Inducing Antiseizure Drug Use With Long-term Cardiovascular Disease. JAMA Neurol. Published online October 04, 2021.doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2021.3424
  43. ↑ The early identification of candidates for epilepsy surgery. Arch Neurol 58(10):1543-6 (2001) PMID 11594910
  44. ↑ The requirement for ictal EEG recordings prior to temporal lobe epilepsy surgery. Arch Neurol 58(4):678-80 (2001) PMID 11296007
  45. ↑ The frequency, complications and aetiology of ADHD in new onset paediatric epilepsy. Brain 130(Pt 12):3135-48 (2007) PMID 17947336
  46. ↑ EEG-fMRI in the preoperative work-up for epilepsy surgery. Brain 130(Pt 9):2343-53 (2007) PMID 17586868
  47. ↑ Long-term outcomes in epilepsy surgery: antiepileptic drugs, mortality, cognitive and psychosocial aspects. Brain 130(Pt 2):334-45 (2007) PMID 17124190
  48. ↑ Seizure prediction: the long and winding road. Brain 130(Pt 2):314-33 (2007) PMID 17008335
  49. ↑ Molecular and cellular mechanisms of pharmacoresistance in epilepsy. Brain 129(Pt 1):18-35 (2006) PMID 16317026
  50. ↑ Quantitative post-mortem study of the hippocampus in chronic epilepsy: seizures do not inevitably cause neuronal loss. Brain 128(Pt 6):1344-57 (2005) PMID 15758032
  51. ↑ Long-term seizure outcomes following epilepsy surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Brain 128(Pt 5):1188-98 (2005) PMID 15758038
  52. ↑ Occipital epilepsies: identification of specific and newly recognized syndromes. Brain 126(Pt 4):753-69 (2003) PMID 12615636
  53. ↑ Idiopathic partial epilepsy with auditory features (IPEAF): a clinical and genetic study of 53 sporadic cases. Brain 127(Pt 6):1343-52 (2004) PMID 15090473
  54. ↑ Severe infantile epilepsies: molecular genetics challenge clinical classification. Brain 126(Pt 3):513-4 (2003) PMID 12566273
  55. ↑ Sacred disease secrets revealed: the genetics of human epilepsy. Hum Mol Genet 14(17):2491-500 (2005) PMID 16049035
  56. ↑ Genetics of temporal lobe epilepsy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 74(10):1359-61 (2003) PMID 14570824
  57. ↑ Disease modification in partial epilepsy. Brain 125(Pt 9):1937-50 (2002) PMID 12183340
  58. ↑ Ictal bradycardia in partial epileptic seizures: Autonomic investigation in three cases and literature review. Brain 124(Pt 12):2361-71 (2001) PMID 11701591
  59. ↑ Presurgical evaluation of epilepsy. Brain 124(Pt 9):1683-700 (2001) PMID 11522572
  60. ↑ Chandelier cells and epilepsy. Brain 122 ( Pt 10)():1807-22 (1999) PMID 10506085
  61. ↑ Nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy. A clinical and polygraphic overview of 100 consecutive cases. Brain 122 ( Pt 6)():1017-31 (1999) PMID 10356056
  62. ↑ Hippocampal sclerosis and temporal lobe epilepsy: cause or consequence? Brain 122 ( Pt 6)():1007-8 (1999) PMID 10356054
  63. ↑ Imaging and epilepsy. Brain 120 ( Pt 2)():339-77 (1997) PMID 9117380
  64. ↑ Recent progress in epilepsy. Diagnostic procedures and treatment. Calif Med 119(1):19-48 (1973) PMID 4581416
  65. ↑ Clinical aspects of temporal lobe epilepsy--a review. Calif Med 110(4):325-9 (1969) PMID 4894817
  66. ↑ Drug treatment of epilepsy: a review. Can Med Assoc J 128(3):261-70 (1983) PMID 6336967
  67. ↑ The management of status epilepticus. Chest 126(2):582-91 (2004) PMID 15302747
  68. ↑ How do seizures stop? Epilepsia 49(10):1651-64 (2008) PMID 18503563
  69. ↑ Neurogenesis and epilepsy in the developing brain. Epilepsia 49 Suppl 5():50-4 (2008) PMID 18522600
  70. ↑ Surgery for malformations of cortical development causing epilepsy. Brain 123 ( Pt 6)():1075-91 (2000) PMID 10825348
  71. ↑ Posttraumatic epilepsy: a major problem in desperate need of major advances. Epilepsy Curr 6(1):1-5 (2006) PMID 16477313
  72. ↑ Imaging of serotonin mechanisms in epilepsy. Epilepsy Curr 5(6):201-6 (2005) PMID 16372050
  73. ↑ Surgical treatment of temporal lobe epilepsy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 73(5):470 (2002) PMID 12397134
  74. ↑ The outcome of epilepsy surgery. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 70(4):432 (2001) PMID 11254763
  75. ↑ New drug treatments for epilepsy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 70(2):143-7 (2001) PMID 11160458
  76. ↑ Epilepsy: an autoimmune disease? J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 69(6):711-4 (2000) PMID 11080217
  77. ↑ The psychoses of epilepsy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 69(1):1-3 (2000) PMID 10864594
  78. ↑ Epilepsy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 57(3):264-77 (1994) PMID 8158172
  79. ↑ Tonic clonic status epilepticus. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 56(2):125-34 (1993) PMID 8436999
  80. ↑ Prolactin and gonadotrophin changes following generalised and partial seizures. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 46(4):331-5 (1983) PMID 6405014
  81. ↑ Cellular and molecular basis of epilepsy. J Neurosci 14(6):3413-25 (1994) PMID 8207463
  82. ↑ The new antiepileptic drugs: clinical applications. JAMA 291(5):615-20 (2004) PMID 14762041
  83. ↑ The new antiepileptic drugs: scientific review. JAMA 291(5):605-14 (2004) PMID 14762040
  84. ↑ Seizure prophylaxis in patients with brain tumors: a meta-analysis. Mayo Clin Proc 79(12):1489-94 (2004) PMID 15595331
  85. ↑ Neuropsychiatric and memory issues in epilepsy. Mayo Clin Proc 78(6):781-7 (2003) PMID 12934792
  86. ↑ New management strategies in the treatment of status epilepticus. Mayo Clin Proc 78(4):508-18 (2003) PMID 12683704
  87. ↑ Therapeutics in pediatric epilepsy, Part 2: Epilepsy surgery and vagus nerve stimulation. Mayo Clin Proc 78(3):371-8 (2003) PMID 12630591
  88. ↑ Therapeutics in pediatric epilepsy, Part 1: The new antiepileptic drugs and the ketogenic diet. Mayo Clin Proc 78(3):359-70 (2003) PMID 12630590
  89. ↑ Neurostimulation therapy for epilepsy: current modalities and future directions. Mayo Clin Proc 78(2):238-48 (2003) PMID 12583536
  90. ↑ Antiepileptic drug withdrawal: literature review. Mayo Clin Proc 77(12):1378-88 (2002) PMID 12479528
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