Statistik und Studiendesign - Versionsgeschichte

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	'''Statistik''' und '''Studiendesign''' sind wesentliche Grundlagen in vielen Bereichen wissenschaftlicher Forschung. Die gilt insbesondere in den [[Naturwissenschaft]]en.		'''Statistik''' und '''Studiendesign''' sind wesentliche Grundlagen in vielen Bereichen wissenschaftlicher Forschung. Die gilt insbesondere in den [[Naturwissenschaft]]en.
	Freie Übersichtsartikel ...		Freie Übersichtsartikel ...
	<ref name="PMID18755930">When is a negative phase II trial truly negative? Am J Respir Crit Care Med 178(6):554-5 (2008) PMID 18755930 </ref><ref name="PMID15590885">The ethical conduct of clinical research involving critically ill patients in the United States and Canada: principles and recommendations. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 170(12):1375-84 (2004) PMID 15590885 </ref><ref name="PMID15151921">Positive clinical trials: understand the control group before implementing the result. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 170(3):223-6 (2004) PMID 15151921 </ref><ref name="PMID9424990">Number needed to treat and relative risk reduction. Ann Intern Med 128(1):72-3 (1998) PMID 9424990 </ref><ref name="PMID7486471">Discordance between meta-analyses and large-scale randomized, controlled trials. Examples from the management of acute myocardial infarction. Ann Intern Med 123(11):873-7 (1995) PMID 7486471 </ref><ref name="PMID16040886">Understanding systematic reviews and meta-analysis. Arch Dis Child 90(8):845-8 (2005) PMID 16040886 </ref><ref name="PMID15102650">GRADE: levels of evidence and grades of recommendation. Arch Dis Child 89(5):489 (2004) PMID 15102650 </ref><ref name="PMID7492177">Statistics from the inside. 16. Multiple regression (2). Arch Dis Child 73(3):270-4 (1995) PMID 7492177 </ref><ref name="PMID8067802">Statistics from the inside. 13. Probability and decisions. Arch Dis Child 71(1):90-4 (1994) PMID 8067802 </ref><ref name="PMID8333779">10. Counted data (2). Arch Dis Child 68(6):800-2 (1993) PMID 8333779 </ref><ref name="PMID8481051">Counted data (1). Arch Dis Child 68(2):246-9 (1993) PMID 8481051 </ref><ref name="PMID1444537">Statistics from the inside. 7. Regression and correlation. Arch Dis Child 67(10):1306-9 (1992) PMID 1444537 </ref><ref name="PMID1626999">Statistics from the inside. 6. Data structures (continued). Arch Dis Child 67(6):757-9 (1992) PMID 1626999 </ref><ref name="PMID17296672">Documenting research in scientific articles: Guidelines for authors: 3. Reporting multivariate analyses. Chest 131(2):628-32 (2007) PMID 17296672 </ref><ref name="PMID17218594">Documenting research in scientific articles: guidelines for authors: 2. Reporting hypothesis tests. Chest 131(1):317-9 (2007) PMID 17218594 </ref><ref name="PMID17035466">Documenting research in scientific articles: guidelines for authors: reporting research designs and activities. Chest 130(4):1263-8 (2006) PMID 17035466 </ref><ref name="PMID11948065">The design of randomized clinical trials in critically ill patients. Chest 121(4):1290-300 (2002) PMID 11948065 </ref><ref name="PMID10988210">Reality and meta-analyses. Chest 118(3):835-6 (2000) PMID 10988210 </ref><ref name="PMID10988209">Is meta-analysis a metaphysical or a scientific method? Chest 118(3):832-4 (2000) PMID 10988209 </ref><ref name="PMID10453885">Is meta-analysis really meta-physics? Chest 116(2):539-42 (1999) PMID 10453885 </ref><ref name="PMID12386142">Advice on statistical analysis for Circulation Research. Circ Res 91(8):662-71 (2002) PMID 12386142 </ref><ref name="PMID18981315">A primer in longitudinal data analysis. Circulation 118(19):2005-10 (2008) PMID 18981315 </ref><ref name="PMID18711024">Some old and some new statistical tools for outcomes research. Circulation 118(8):872-84 (2008) PMID 18711024 </ref><ref name="PMID18519862">Survival methods: additional topics. Circulation 117(22):2949-55 (2008) PMID 18519862 </ref><ref name="PMID18506018">Methods and limitations of assessing new noninvasive tests: Part II: Outcomes-based validation and reliability assessment of noninvasive testing. Circulation 117(21):2793-801 (2008) PMID 18506018 </ref><ref name="PMID18490536">Methods and limitations of assessing new noninvasive tests: part I: Anatomy-based validation of noninvasive testing. Circulation 117(20):2684-90 (2008) PMID 18490536 </ref><ref name="PMID18458181">Logistic regression. Circulation 117(18):2395-9 (2008) PMID 18458181 </ref><ref name="PMID18378626">Multiple linear regression: accounting for multiple simultaneous determinants of a continuous dependent variable. Circulation 117(13):1732-7 (2008) PMID 18378626 </ref><ref name="PMID18172051">Analysis of variance. Circulation 117(1):115-21 (2008) PMID 18172051 </ref><ref name="PMID17965399">Association studies in an era of too much information: clinical analysis of new biomarker and genetic data. Circulation 116(17):1866-70 (2007) PMID 17965399 </ref><ref name="PMID17893285">What exactly do the trends mean? Circulation 116(13):1437-9 (2007) PMID 17893285 </ref><ref name="PMID17548743">Meta-analysis. Circulation 115(22):2870-5 (2007) PMID 17548743 </ref><ref name="PMID17404173">Evaluation of randomized controlled trials. Circulation 115(13):1819-22 (2007) PMID 17404173 </ref><ref name="PMID17339574">Design of randomized controlled trials. Circulation 115(9):1164-9 (2007) PMID 17339574 </ref><ref name="PMID17309939">Use and misuse of the receiver operating characteristic curve in risk prediction. Circulation 115(7):928-35 (2007) PMID 17309939 </ref><ref name="PMID17283280">Receiver-operating characteristic analysis for evaluating diagnostic tests and predictive models. Circulation 115(5):654-7 (2007) PMID 17283280 </ref><ref name="PMID17200454">Survival methods. Circulation 115(1):109-13 (2007) PMID 17200454 </ref><ref name="PMID16365198">Standards for statistical models used for public reporting of health outcomes: an American Heart Association Scientific Statement from the Quality of Care and Outcomes Research Interdisciplinary Writing Group: cosponsored by the Council on Epidemiology and Prevention and the Stroke Council. Endorsed by the American College of Cardiology Foundation. Circulation 113(3):456-62 (2006) PMID 16365198 </ref><ref name="PMID15173053">The clinician as investigator: participating in clinical trials in the practice setting: Appendix 2: statistical concepts in study design and analysis. Circulation 109(21):e305-7 (2004) PMID 15173053 </ref><ref name="PMID15173052">The clinician as investigator: participating in clinical trials in the practice setting: Appendix 1: fundamentals of study design. Circulation 109(21):e302-4 (2004) PMID 15173052 </ref><ref name="PMID18728215">Interpreting results of clinical trials: a conceptual framework. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 3(5):1246-52 (2008) PMID 18728215 </ref><ref name="PMID18178786">Systematic review and meta-analysis: when one study is just not enough. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 3(1):253-60 (2008) PMID 18178786 </ref><ref name="PMID17699379">Practice recommendations based on low, very low, and missing evidence. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2(1):11-2 (2007) PMID 17699379 </ref><ref name="PMID17699334">Cohort studies: marching forward. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 1(5):1117-23 (2006) PMID 17699334 </ref><ref name="PMID17107979">The meta-analysis: supportive or illuminating? Eur Heart J 27(23):2744-5 (2006) PMID 17107979 </ref><ref name="PMID16870690">Progress and problems for randomized clinical trials: from streptomycin to the era of megatrials. Eur Heart J 27(18):2158-64 (2006) PMID 16870690 </ref><ref name="PMID16785246">Limitations of analyses of effectiveness using observational data. Eur Heart J 27(14):1642-3 (2006) PMID 16785246 </ref><ref name="PMID15253985">Interpretation of observational studies. Heart 90(8):956-60 (2004) PMID 15253985 </ref><ref name="PMID11302989">Absolute, attributable, and relative risk in the management of coronary heart disease. Heart 85(5):491-2 (2001) PMID 11302989 </ref><ref name="PMID15985692">Statistical issues in the analysis of neuronal data. J Neurophysiol 94(1):8-25 (2005) PMID 15985692 </ref><ref name="PMID18097119">The Bayesian clinician. J Postgrad Med 53(4):267-9 (2007) PMID 18097119 </ref><ref name="PMID7996506">Statistics in medical research--III. Correlation and regression analysis. J Postgrad Med 39(4):235-43 (1993) PMID 7996506 </ref><ref name="PMID17652297">Data extraction errors in meta-analyses that use standardized mean differences. JAMA 298(4):430-7 (2007) PMID 17652297 </ref><ref name="PMID12038922">How statistical expertise is used in medical research. JAMA 287(21):2817-20 (2002) PMID 12038922 </ref><ref name="PMID11497536">Comparison of evidence of treatment effects in randomized and nonrandomized studies. JAMA 286(7):821-30 (2001) PMID 11497536 </ref><ref name="PMID9676681">Methodology and reports of systematic reviews and meta-analyses: a comparison of Cochrane reviews with articles published in paper-based journals. JAMA 280(3):278-80 (1998) PMID 9676681 </ref><ref name="PMID9551387">Meta-analysis as a clinical tool in nephrology. Kidney Int 53(4):819-25 (1998) PMID 9551387 </ref><ref name="PMID18182407">Clinical research of kidney diseases IV: Standard regression models. Nephrol Dial Transplant 23(2):475-82 (2008) PMID 18182407 </ref><ref name="PMID17332213">P less than .05: what does it really mean? Pediatrics 119(3):608-10 (2007) PMID 17332213 </ref><ref name="PMID11884693">Data and models determine treatment proposals--an illustration from meta-analysis. Postgrad Med J 78(917):131-4 (2002) PMID 11884693 </ref><ref name="PMID11222834">Balancing statistical and clinical significance in evaluating treatment effects. Postgrad Med J 77(905):201-4 (2001) PMID 11222834 </ref><ref name="PMID10211346">Statistics in medicine: some considerations from a clinician's point of view. Postgrad Med J 74(876):577-8 (1998) PMID 10211346 </ref><ref name="PMID10662865">Potential bias in Kaplan-Meier survival analysis applied to rheumatology drug studies. Rheumatology (Oxford) 39(1):1-2 (2000) PMID 10662865 ~~</ref><ref name="PMID16059787">When should you use statistics? Swiss Med Wkly 135(23-24):337-8 (2005) PMID 16059787~~ </ref><ref name="PMID14655052">Statistics in medical research. Swiss Med Wkly 133(39-40):522-9 (2003) PMID 14655052 </ref><ref name="PMID14655051">Statistics in medicine. Swiss Med Wkly 133(39-40):521 (2003) PMID 14655051 </ref><ref name="PMID1877042">Statistics in respiratory medicine. 3. Scale, parametric methods, and transformations. Thorax 46(7):536-8 (1991) PMID 1877042 </ref><ref name="PMID1858087">Statistics in respiratory medicine. 2. Repeatability and method comparison. Thorax 46(6):454-6 (1991) PMID 1858087 </ref><ref name="PMID15483190">A statistical evaluation of toxicity study designs for the estimation of the benchmark dose in continuous endpoints. Toxicol Sci 84(1):167-85 (2005) PMID 15483190 </ref><ref name="PMID11353128">Statistical issues in the analysis of low-dose endocrine disruptor data. Toxicol Sci 61(2):201-10 (2001) PMID 11353128 </ref><ref name="PMID17058242">Beyond randomized controlled trials: a critical comparison of trials with nonrandomized studies. Hepatology 44(5):1075-82 (2006) PMID 17058242 </ref><ref name="PMID8666350">Meta-analysis: an introduction and point of view. Hepatology 23(4):917-28 (1996) PMID 8666350 </ref><ref name="PMID18617074">Meta-analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol 52(3):237-8 (2008) PMID 18617074 </ref><ref name="PMID15172393">Prior convictions: Bayesian approaches to the analysis and interpretation of clinical megatrials. J Am Coll Cardiol 43(11):1929-39 (2004) PMID 15172393 </ref>		<ref name="PMID18755930">When is a negative phase II trial truly negative? Am J Respir Crit Care Med 178(6):554-5 (2008) PMID 18755930 </ref><ref name="PMID15590885">The ethical conduct of clinical research involving critically ill patients in the United States and Canada: principles and recommendations. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 170(12):1375-84 (2004) PMID 15590885 </ref><ref name="PMID15151921">Positive clinical trials: understand the control group before implementing the result. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 170(3):223-6 (2004) PMID 15151921 </ref><ref name="PMID9424990">Number needed to treat and relative risk reduction. Ann Intern Med 128(1):72-3 (1998) PMID 9424990 </ref><ref name="PMID7486471">Discordance between meta-analyses and large-scale randomized, controlled trials. Examples from the management of acute myocardial infarction. Ann Intern Med 123(11):873-7 (1995) PMID 7486471 </ref><ref name="PMID16040886">Understanding systematic reviews and meta-analysis. Arch Dis Child 90(8):845-8 (2005) PMID 16040886 </ref><ref name="PMID15102650">GRADE: levels of evidence and grades of recommendation. Arch Dis Child 89(5):489 (2004) PMID 15102650 </ref><ref name="PMID7492177">Statistics from the inside. 16. Multiple regression (2). Arch Dis Child 73(3):270-4 (1995) PMID 7492177 </ref><ref name="PMID8067802">Statistics from the inside. 13. Probability and decisions. Arch Dis Child 71(1):90-4 (1994) PMID 8067802 </ref><ref name="PMID8333779">10. Counted data (2). Arch Dis Child 68(6):800-2 (1993) PMID 8333779 </ref><ref name="PMID8481051">Counted data (1). Arch Dis Child 68(2):246-9 (1993) PMID 8481051 </ref><ref name="PMID1444537">Statistics from the inside. 7. Regression and correlation. Arch Dis Child 67(10):1306-9 (1992) PMID 1444537 </ref><ref name="PMID1626999">Statistics from the inside. 6. Data structures (continued). Arch Dis Child 67(6):757-9 (1992) PMID 1626999 </ref><ref name="PMID17296672">Documenting research in scientific articles: Guidelines for authors: 3. Reporting multivariate analyses. Chest 131(2):628-32 (2007) PMID 17296672 </ref><ref name="PMID17218594">Documenting research in scientific articles: guidelines for authors: 2. Reporting hypothesis tests. Chest 131(1):317-9 (2007) PMID 17218594 </ref><ref name="PMID17035466">Documenting research in scientific articles: guidelines for authors: reporting research designs and activities. Chest 130(4):1263-8 (2006) PMID 17035466 </ref><ref name="PMID11948065">The design of randomized clinical trials in critically ill patients. Chest 121(4):1290-300 (2002) PMID 11948065 </ref><ref name="PMID10988210">Reality and meta-analyses. Chest 118(3):835-6 (2000) PMID 10988210 </ref><ref name="PMID10988209">Is meta-analysis a metaphysical or a scientific method? Chest 118(3):832-4 (2000) PMID 10988209 </ref><ref name="PMID10453885">Is meta-analysis really meta-physics? Chest 116(2):539-42 (1999) PMID 10453885 </ref><ref name="PMID12386142">Advice on statistical analysis for Circulation Research. Circ Res 91(8):662-71 (2002) PMID 12386142 </ref><ref name="PMID18981315">A primer in longitudinal data analysis. Circulation 118(19):2005-10 (2008) PMID 18981315 </ref><ref name="PMID18711024">Some old and some new statistical tools for outcomes research. Circulation 118(8):872-84 (2008) PMID 18711024 </ref><ref name="PMID18519862">Survival methods: additional topics. Circulation 117(22):2949-55 (2008) PMID 18519862 </ref><ref name="PMID18506018">Methods and limitations of assessing new noninvasive tests: Part II: Outcomes-based validation and reliability assessment of noninvasive testing. Circulation 117(21):2793-801 (2008) PMID 18506018 </ref><ref name="PMID18490536">Methods and limitations of assessing new noninvasive tests: part I: Anatomy-based validation of noninvasive testing. Circulation 117(20):2684-90 (2008) PMID 18490536 </ref><ref name="PMID18458181">Logistic regression. Circulation 117(18):2395-9 (2008) PMID 18458181 </ref><ref name="PMID18378626">Multiple linear regression: accounting for multiple simultaneous determinants of a continuous dependent variable. Circulation 117(13):1732-7 (2008) PMID 18378626 </ref><ref name="PMID18172051">Analysis of variance. Circulation 117(1):115-21 (2008) PMID 18172051 </ref><ref name="PMID17965399">Association studies in an era of too much information: clinical analysis of new biomarker and genetic data. Circulation 116(17):1866-70 (2007) PMID 17965399 </ref><ref name="PMID17893285">What exactly do the trends mean? Circulation 116(13):1437-9 (2007) PMID 17893285 </ref><ref name="PMID17548743">Meta-analysis. Circulation 115(22):2870-5 (2007) PMID 17548743 </ref><ref name="PMID17404173">Evaluation of randomized controlled trials. Circulation 115(13):1819-22 (2007) PMID 17404173 </ref><ref name="PMID17339574">Design of randomized controlled trials. Circulation 115(9):1164-9 (2007) PMID 17339574 </ref><ref name="PMID17309939">Use and misuse of the receiver operating characteristic curve in risk prediction. Circulation 115(7):928-35 (2007) PMID 17309939 </ref><ref name="PMID17283280">Receiver-operating characteristic analysis for evaluating diagnostic tests and predictive models. Circulation 115(5):654-7 (2007) PMID 17283280 </ref><ref name="PMID17200454">Survival methods. Circulation 115(1):109-13 (2007) PMID 17200454 </ref><ref name="PMID16365198">Standards for statistical models used for public reporting of health outcomes: an American Heart Association Scientific Statement from the Quality of Care and Outcomes Research Interdisciplinary Writing Group: cosponsored by the Council on Epidemiology and Prevention and the Stroke Council. Endorsed by the American College of Cardiology Foundation. Circulation 113(3):456-62 (2006) PMID 16365198 </ref><ref name="PMID15173053">The clinician as investigator: participating in clinical trials in the practice setting: Appendix 2: statistical concepts in study design and analysis. Circulation 109(21):e305-7 (2004) PMID 15173053 </ref><ref name="PMID15173052">The clinician as investigator: participating in clinical trials in the practice setting: Appendix 1: fundamentals of study design. Circulation 109(21):e302-4 (2004) PMID 15173052 </ref><ref name="PMID18728215">Interpreting results of clinical trials: a conceptual framework. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 3(5):1246-52 (2008) PMID 18728215 </ref><ref name="PMID18178786">Systematic review and meta-analysis: when one study is just not enough. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 3(1):253-60 (2008) PMID 18178786 </ref><ref name="PMID17699379">Practice recommendations based on low, very low, and missing evidence. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2(1):11-2 (2007) PMID 17699379 </ref><ref name="PMID17699334">Cohort studies: marching forward. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 1(5):1117-23 (2006) PMID 17699334 </ref><ref name="PMID17107979">The meta-analysis: supportive or illuminating? Eur Heart J 27(23):2744-5 (2006) PMID 17107979 </ref><ref name="PMID16870690">Progress and problems for randomized clinical trials: from streptomycin to the era of megatrials. Eur Heart J 27(18):2158-64 (2006) PMID 16870690 </ref><ref name="PMID16785246">Limitations of analyses of effectiveness using observational data. Eur Heart J 27(14):1642-3 (2006) PMID 16785246 </ref><ref name="PMID15253985">Interpretation of observational studies. Heart 90(8):956-60 (2004) PMID 15253985 </ref><ref name="PMID11302989">Absolute, attributable, and relative risk in the management of coronary heart disease. Heart 85(5):491-2 (2001) PMID 11302989 </ref><ref name="PMID15985692">Statistical issues in the analysis of neuronal data. J Neurophysiol 94(1):8-25 (2005) PMID 15985692 </ref><ref name="PMID18097119">The Bayesian clinician. J Postgrad Med 53(4):267-9 (2007) PMID 18097119 </ref><ref name="PMID7996506">Statistics in medical research--III. Correlation and regression analysis. J Postgrad Med 39(4):235-43 (1993) PMID 7996506 </ref><ref name="PMID17652297">Data extraction errors in meta-analyses that use standardized mean differences. JAMA 298(4):430-7 (2007) PMID 17652297 </ref><ref name="PMID12038922">How statistical expertise is used in medical research. JAMA 287(21):2817-20 (2002) PMID 12038922 </ref><ref name="PMID11497536">Comparison of evidence of treatment effects in randomized and nonrandomized studies. JAMA 286(7):821-30 (2001) PMID 11497536 </ref><ref name="PMID9676681">Methodology and reports of systematic reviews and meta-analyses: a comparison of Cochrane reviews with articles published in paper-based journals. JAMA 280(3):278-80 (1998) PMID 9676681 </ref><ref name="PMID9551387">Meta-analysis as a clinical tool in nephrology. Kidney Int 53(4):819-25 (1998) PMID 9551387 </ref><ref name="PMID18182407">Clinical research of kidney diseases IV: Standard regression models. Nephrol Dial Transplant 23(2):475-82 (2008) PMID 18182407 </ref><ref name="PMID17332213">P less than .05: what does it really mean? Pediatrics 119(3):608-10 (2007) PMID 17332213 </ref><ref name="PMID11884693">Data and models determine treatment proposals--an illustration from meta-analysis. Postgrad Med J 78(917):131-4 (2002) PMID 11884693 </ref><ref name="PMID11222834">Balancing statistical and clinical significance in evaluating treatment effects. Postgrad Med J 77(905):201-4 (2001) PMID 11222834 </ref><ref name="PMID10211346">Statistics in medicine: some considerations from a clinician's point of view. Postgrad Med J 74(876):577-8 (1998) PMID 10211346 </ref><ref name="PMID10662865">Potential bias in Kaplan-Meier survival analysis applied to rheumatology drug studies. Rheumatology (Oxford) 39(1):1-2 (2000) PMID 10662865 </ref><ref name="PMID14655052">Statistics in medical research. Swiss Med Wkly 133(39-40):522-9 (2003) PMID 14655052 </ref><ref name="PMID14655051">Statistics in medicine. Swiss Med Wkly 133(39-40):521 (2003) PMID 14655051 </ref><ref name="PMID1877042">Statistics in respiratory medicine. 3. Scale, parametric methods, and transformations. Thorax 46(7):536-8 (1991) PMID 1877042 </ref><ref name="PMID1858087">Statistics in respiratory medicine. 2. Repeatability and method comparison. Thorax 46(6):454-6 (1991) PMID 1858087 </ref><ref name="PMID15483190">A statistical evaluation of toxicity study designs for the estimation of the benchmark dose in continuous endpoints. Toxicol Sci 84(1):167-85 (2005) PMID 15483190 </ref><ref name="PMID11353128">Statistical issues in the analysis of low-dose endocrine disruptor data. Toxicol Sci 61(2):201-10 (2001) PMID 11353128 </ref><ref name="PMID17058242">Beyond randomized controlled trials: a critical comparison of trials with nonrandomized studies. Hepatology 44(5):1075-82 (2006) PMID 17058242 </ref><ref name="PMID8666350">Meta-analysis: an introduction and point of view. Hepatology 23(4):917-28 (1996) PMID 8666350 </ref><ref name="PMID18617074">Meta-analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol 52(3):237-8 (2008) PMID 18617074 </ref><ref name="PMID15172393">Prior convictions: Bayesian approaches to the analysis and interpretation of clinical megatrials. J Am Coll Cardiol 43(11):1929-39 (2004) PMID 15172393 </ref>
	== Bibliographie ==		== Bibliographie ==
	<references />		<references />

Fmrauch: sinnvolle Kat.

2024-11-19T18:48:00Z

sinnvolle Kat.

← Nächstältere Version		Version vom 19. November 2024, 18:48 Uhr
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	<references />		<references />

			{{PPA-Zirkon}}

	~~{{PPA-Zirkon}}~~		[[Kategorie:Methodologie]]

Fmrauch: zuviele und willkürliche Quellen

2024-11-19T18:45:45Z

zuviele und willkürliche Quellen

← Nächstältere Version		Version vom 19. November 2024, 18:45 Uhr
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	'''Statistik''' und '''Studiendesign''' sind wesentliche Grundlagen in vielen Bereichen wissenschaftlicher Forschung. Die gilt insbesondere in den [[Naturwissenschaft]]en.		'''Statistik''' und '''Studiendesign''' sind wesentliche Grundlagen in vielen Bereichen wissenschaftlicher Forschung. Die gilt insbesondere in den [[Naturwissenschaft]]en.
	~~{\| class="wikitable" \|~~		Freie Übersichtsartikel ...
	~~\| bgcolor="#dfdfdf" \| '''Siehe auch'''~~
	~~\| align="left" width="800" \|~~
	\|-
	~~\| bgcolor="#dfdfdf" \| '''~~Freie Übersichtsartikel~~'''~~
	~~\| align="left" width="800" \|~~
	<ref name="PMID18755930">When is a negative phase II trial truly negative? Am J Respir Crit Care Med 178(6):554-5 (2008) PMID 18755930 </ref><ref name="PMID15590885">The ethical conduct of clinical research involving critically ill patients in the United States and Canada: principles and recommendations. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 170(12):1375-84 (2004) PMID 15590885 </ref><ref name="PMID15151921">Positive clinical trials: understand the control group before implementing the result. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 170(3):223-6 (2004) PMID 15151921 </ref><ref name="PMID9424990">Number needed to treat and relative risk reduction. Ann Intern Med 128(1):72-3 (1998) PMID 9424990 </ref><ref name="PMID7486471">Discordance between meta-analyses and large-scale randomized, controlled trials. Examples from the management of acute myocardial infarction. Ann Intern Med 123(11):873-7 (1995) PMID 7486471 </ref><ref name="PMID16040886">Understanding systematic reviews and meta-analysis. Arch Dis Child 90(8):845-8 (2005) PMID 16040886 </ref><ref name="PMID15102650">GRADE: levels of evidence and grades of recommendation. Arch Dis Child 89(5):489 (2004) PMID 15102650 </ref><ref name="PMID7492177">Statistics from the inside. 16. Multiple regression (2). Arch Dis Child 73(3):270-4 (1995) PMID 7492177 </ref><ref name="PMID8067802">Statistics from the inside. 13. Probability and decisions. Arch Dis Child 71(1):90-4 (1994) PMID 8067802 </ref><ref name="PMID8333779">10. Counted data (2). Arch Dis Child 68(6):800-2 (1993) PMID 8333779 </ref><ref name="PMID8481051">Counted data (1). Arch Dis Child 68(2):246-9 (1993) PMID 8481051 </ref><ref name="PMID1444537">Statistics from the inside. 7. Regression and correlation. Arch Dis Child 67(10):1306-9 (1992) PMID 1444537 </ref><ref name="PMID1626999">Statistics from the inside. 6. Data structures (continued). Arch Dis Child 67(6):757-9 (1992) PMID 1626999 </ref><ref name="PMID17296672">Documenting research in scientific articles: Guidelines for authors: 3. Reporting multivariate analyses. Chest 131(2):628-32 (2007) PMID 17296672 </ref><ref name="PMID17218594">Documenting research in scientific articles: guidelines for authors: 2. Reporting hypothesis tests. Chest 131(1):317-9 (2007) PMID 17218594 </ref><ref name="PMID17035466">Documenting research in scientific articles: guidelines for authors: reporting research designs and activities. Chest 130(4):1263-8 (2006) PMID 17035466 </ref><ref name="PMID11948065">The design of randomized clinical trials in critically ill patients. Chest 121(4):1290-300 (2002) PMID 11948065 </ref><ref name="PMID10988210">Reality and meta-analyses. Chest 118(3):835-6 (2000) PMID 10988210 </ref><ref name="PMID10988209">Is meta-analysis a metaphysical or a scientific method? Chest 118(3):832-4 (2000) PMID 10988209 </ref><ref name="PMID10453885">Is meta-analysis really meta-physics? Chest 116(2):539-42 (1999) PMID 10453885 </ref><ref name="PMID12386142">Advice on statistical analysis for Circulation Research. Circ Res 91(8):662-71 (2002) PMID 12386142 </ref><ref name="PMID18981315">A primer in longitudinal data analysis. Circulation 118(19):2005-10 (2008) PMID 18981315 </ref><ref name="PMID18711024">Some old and some new statistical tools for outcomes research. Circulation 118(8):872-84 (2008) PMID 18711024 </ref><ref name="PMID18519862">Survival methods: additional topics. Circulation 117(22):2949-55 (2008) PMID 18519862 </ref><ref name="PMID18506018">Methods and limitations of assessing new noninvasive tests: Part II: Outcomes-based validation and reliability assessment of noninvasive testing. Circulation 117(21):2793-801 (2008) PMID 18506018 </ref><ref name="PMID18490536">Methods and limitations of assessing new noninvasive tests: part I: Anatomy-based validation of noninvasive testing. Circulation 117(20):2684-90 (2008) PMID 18490536 </ref><ref name="PMID18458181">Logistic regression. Circulation 117(18):2395-9 (2008) PMID 18458181 </ref><ref name="PMID18378626">Multiple linear regression: accounting for multiple simultaneous determinants of a continuous dependent variable. Circulation 117(13):1732-7 (2008) PMID 18378626 </ref><ref name="PMID18172051">Analysis of variance. Circulation 117(1):115-21 (2008) PMID 18172051 </ref><ref name="PMID17965399">Association studies in an era of too much information: clinical analysis of new biomarker and genetic data. Circulation 116(17):1866-70 (2007) PMID 17965399 </ref><ref name="PMID17893285">What exactly do the trends mean? Circulation 116(13):1437-9 (2007) PMID 17893285 </ref><ref name="PMID17548743">Meta-analysis. Circulation 115(22):2870-5 (2007) PMID 17548743 </ref><ref name="PMID17404173">Evaluation of randomized controlled trials. Circulation 115(13):1819-22 (2007) PMID 17404173 </ref><ref name="PMID17339574">Design of randomized controlled trials. Circulation 115(9):1164-9 (2007) PMID 17339574 </ref><ref name="PMID17309939">Use and misuse of the receiver operating characteristic curve in risk prediction. Circulation 115(7):928-35 (2007) PMID 17309939 </ref><ref name="PMID17283280">Receiver-operating characteristic analysis for evaluating diagnostic tests and predictive models. Circulation 115(5):654-7 (2007) PMID 17283280 </ref><ref name="PMID17200454">Survival methods. Circulation 115(1):109-13 (2007) PMID 17200454 </ref><ref name="PMID16365198">Standards for statistical models used for public reporting of health outcomes: an American Heart Association Scientific Statement from the Quality of Care and Outcomes Research Interdisciplinary Writing Group: cosponsored by the Council on Epidemiology and Prevention and the Stroke Council. Endorsed by the American College of Cardiology Foundation. Circulation 113(3):456-62 (2006) PMID 16365198 </ref><ref name="PMID15173053">The clinician as investigator: participating in clinical trials in the practice setting: Appendix 2: statistical concepts in study design and analysis. Circulation 109(21):e305-7 (2004) PMID 15173053 </ref><ref name="PMID15173052">The clinician as investigator: participating in clinical trials in the practice setting: Appendix 1: fundamentals of study design. Circulation 109(21):e302-4 (2004) PMID 15173052 </ref><ref name="PMID18728215">Interpreting results of clinical trials: a conceptual framework. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 3(5):1246-52 (2008) PMID 18728215 </ref><ref name="PMID18178786">Systematic review and meta-analysis: when one study is just not enough. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 3(1):253-60 (2008) PMID 18178786 </ref><ref name="PMID17699379">Practice recommendations based on low, very low, and missing evidence. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2(1):11-2 (2007) PMID 17699379 </ref><ref name="PMID17699334">Cohort studies: marching forward. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 1(5):1117-23 (2006) PMID 17699334 </ref><ref name="PMID17107979">The meta-analysis: supportive or illuminating? Eur Heart J 27(23):2744-5 (2006) PMID 17107979 </ref><ref name="PMID16870690">Progress and problems for randomized clinical trials: from streptomycin to the era of megatrials. Eur Heart J 27(18):2158-64 (2006) PMID 16870690 </ref><ref name="PMID16785246">Limitations of analyses of effectiveness using observational data. Eur Heart J 27(14):1642-3 (2006) PMID 16785246 </ref><ref name="PMID15253985">Interpretation of observational studies. Heart 90(8):956-60 (2004) PMID 15253985 </ref><ref name="PMID11302989">Absolute, attributable, and relative risk in the management of coronary heart disease. Heart 85(5):491-2 (2001) PMID 11302989 </ref><ref name="PMID15985692">Statistical issues in the analysis of neuronal data. J Neurophysiol 94(1):8-25 (2005) PMID 15985692 </ref><ref name="PMID18097119">The Bayesian clinician. J Postgrad Med 53(4):267-9 (2007) PMID 18097119 </ref><ref name="PMID7996506">Statistics in medical research--III. Correlation and regression analysis. J Postgrad Med 39(4):235-43 (1993) PMID 7996506 </ref><ref name="PMID17652297">Data extraction errors in meta-analyses that use standardized mean differences. JAMA 298(4):430-7 (2007) PMID 17652297 </ref><ref name="PMID12038922">How statistical expertise is used in medical research. JAMA 287(21):2817-20 (2002) PMID 12038922 </ref><ref name="PMID11497536">Comparison of evidence of treatment effects in randomized and nonrandomized studies. JAMA 286(7):821-30 (2001) PMID 11497536 </ref><ref name="PMID9676681">Methodology and reports of systematic reviews and meta-analyses: a comparison of Cochrane reviews with articles published in paper-based journals. JAMA 280(3):278-80 (1998) PMID 9676681 </ref><ref name="PMID9551387">Meta-analysis as a clinical tool in nephrology. Kidney Int 53(4):819-25 (1998) PMID 9551387 </ref><ref name="PMID18182407">Clinical research of kidney diseases IV: Standard regression models. Nephrol Dial Transplant 23(2):475-82 (2008) PMID 18182407 </ref><ref name="PMID17332213">P less than .05: what does it really mean? Pediatrics 119(3):608-10 (2007) PMID 17332213 </ref><ref name="PMID11884693">Data and models determine treatment proposals--an illustration from meta-analysis. Postgrad Med J 78(917):131-4 (2002) PMID 11884693 </ref><ref name="PMID11222834">Balancing statistical and clinical significance in evaluating treatment effects. Postgrad Med J 77(905):201-4 (2001) PMID 11222834 </ref><ref name="PMID10211346">Statistics in medicine: some considerations from a clinician's point of view. Postgrad Med J 74(876):577-8 (1998) PMID 10211346 </ref><ref name="PMID10662865">Potential bias in Kaplan-Meier survival analysis applied to rheumatology drug studies. Rheumatology (Oxford) 39(1):1-2 (2000) PMID 10662865 </ref><ref name="PMID16059787">When should you use statistics? Swiss Med Wkly 135(23-24):337-8 (2005) PMID 16059787 </ref><ref name="PMID14655052">Statistics in medical research. Swiss Med Wkly 133(39-40):522-9 (2003) PMID 14655052 </ref><ref name="PMID14655051">Statistics in medicine. Swiss Med Wkly 133(39-40):521 (2003) PMID 14655051 </ref><ref name="PMID1877042">Statistics in respiratory medicine. 3. Scale, parametric methods, and transformations. Thorax 46(7):536-8 (1991) PMID 1877042 </ref><ref name="PMID1858087">Statistics in respiratory medicine. 2. Repeatability and method comparison. Thorax 46(6):454-6 (1991) PMID 1858087 </ref><ref name="PMID15483190">A statistical evaluation of toxicity study designs for the estimation of the benchmark dose in continuous endpoints. Toxicol Sci 84(1):167-85 (2005) PMID 15483190 </ref><ref name="PMID11353128">Statistical issues in the analysis of low-dose endocrine disruptor data. Toxicol Sci 61(2):201-10 (2001) PMID 11353128 </ref><ref name="PMID17058242">Beyond randomized controlled trials: a critical comparison of trials with nonrandomized studies. Hepatology 44(5):1075-82 (2006) PMID 17058242 </ref><ref name="PMID8666350">Meta-analysis: an introduction and point of view. Hepatology 23(4):917-28 (1996) PMID 8666350 </ref><ref name="PMID18617074">Meta-analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol 52(3):237-8 (2008) PMID 18617074 </ref><ref name="PMID15172393">Prior convictions: Bayesian approaches to the analysis and interpretation of clinical megatrials. J Am Coll Cardiol 43(11):1929-39 (2004) PMID 15172393 </ref>		<ref name="PMID18755930">When is a negative phase II trial truly negative? Am J Respir Crit Care Med 178(6):554-5 (2008) PMID 18755930 </ref><ref name="PMID15590885">The ethical conduct of clinical research involving critically ill patients in the United States and Canada: principles and recommendations. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 170(12):1375-84 (2004) PMID 15590885 </ref><ref name="PMID15151921">Positive clinical trials: understand the control group before implementing the result. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 170(3):223-6 (2004) PMID 15151921 </ref><ref name="PMID9424990">Number needed to treat and relative risk reduction. Ann Intern Med 128(1):72-3 (1998) PMID 9424990 </ref><ref name="PMID7486471">Discordance between meta-analyses and large-scale randomized, controlled trials. Examples from the management of acute myocardial infarction. Ann Intern Med 123(11):873-7 (1995) PMID 7486471 </ref><ref name="PMID16040886">Understanding systematic reviews and meta-analysis. Arch Dis Child 90(8):845-8 (2005) PMID 16040886 </ref><ref name="PMID15102650">GRADE: levels of evidence and grades of recommendation. Arch Dis Child 89(5):489 (2004) PMID 15102650 </ref><ref name="PMID7492177">Statistics from the inside. 16. Multiple regression (2). Arch Dis Child 73(3):270-4 (1995) PMID 7492177 </ref><ref name="PMID8067802">Statistics from the inside. 13. Probability and decisions. Arch Dis Child 71(1):90-4 (1994) PMID 8067802 </ref><ref name="PMID8333779">10. Counted data (2). Arch Dis Child 68(6):800-2 (1993) PMID 8333779 </ref><ref name="PMID8481051">Counted data (1). Arch Dis Child 68(2):246-9 (1993) PMID 8481051 </ref><ref name="PMID1444537">Statistics from the inside. 7. Regression and correlation. Arch Dis Child 67(10):1306-9 (1992) PMID 1444537 </ref><ref name="PMID1626999">Statistics from the inside. 6. Data structures (continued). Arch Dis Child 67(6):757-9 (1992) PMID 1626999 </ref><ref name="PMID17296672">Documenting research in scientific articles: Guidelines for authors: 3. Reporting multivariate analyses. Chest 131(2):628-32 (2007) PMID 17296672 </ref><ref name="PMID17218594">Documenting research in scientific articles: guidelines for authors: 2. Reporting hypothesis tests. Chest 131(1):317-9 (2007) PMID 17218594 </ref><ref name="PMID17035466">Documenting research in scientific articles: guidelines for authors: reporting research designs and activities. Chest 130(4):1263-8 (2006) PMID 17035466 </ref><ref name="PMID11948065">The design of randomized clinical trials in critically ill patients. Chest 121(4):1290-300 (2002) PMID 11948065 </ref><ref name="PMID10988210">Reality and meta-analyses. Chest 118(3):835-6 (2000) PMID 10988210 </ref><ref name="PMID10988209">Is meta-analysis a metaphysical or a scientific method? Chest 118(3):832-4 (2000) PMID 10988209 </ref><ref name="PMID10453885">Is meta-analysis really meta-physics? Chest 116(2):539-42 (1999) PMID 10453885 </ref><ref name="PMID12386142">Advice on statistical analysis for Circulation Research. Circ Res 91(8):662-71 (2002) PMID 12386142 </ref><ref name="PMID18981315">A primer in longitudinal data analysis. Circulation 118(19):2005-10 (2008) PMID 18981315 </ref><ref name="PMID18711024">Some old and some new statistical tools for outcomes research. Circulation 118(8):872-84 (2008) PMID 18711024 </ref><ref name="PMID18519862">Survival methods: additional topics. Circulation 117(22):2949-55 (2008) PMID 18519862 </ref><ref name="PMID18506018">Methods and limitations of assessing new noninvasive tests: Part II: Outcomes-based validation and reliability assessment of noninvasive testing. Circulation 117(21):2793-801 (2008) PMID 18506018 </ref><ref name="PMID18490536">Methods and limitations of assessing new noninvasive tests: part I: Anatomy-based validation of noninvasive testing. Circulation 117(20):2684-90 (2008) PMID 18490536 </ref><ref name="PMID18458181">Logistic regression. Circulation 117(18):2395-9 (2008) PMID 18458181 </ref><ref name="PMID18378626">Multiple linear regression: accounting for multiple simultaneous determinants of a continuous dependent variable. Circulation 117(13):1732-7 (2008) PMID 18378626 </ref><ref name="PMID18172051">Analysis of variance. Circulation 117(1):115-21 (2008) PMID 18172051 </ref><ref name="PMID17965399">Association studies in an era of too much information: clinical analysis of new biomarker and genetic data. Circulation 116(17):1866-70 (2007) PMID 17965399 </ref><ref name="PMID17893285">What exactly do the trends mean? Circulation 116(13):1437-9 (2007) PMID 17893285 </ref><ref name="PMID17548743">Meta-analysis. Circulation 115(22):2870-5 (2007) PMID 17548743 </ref><ref name="PMID17404173">Evaluation of randomized controlled trials. Circulation 115(13):1819-22 (2007) PMID 17404173 </ref><ref name="PMID17339574">Design of randomized controlled trials. Circulation 115(9):1164-9 (2007) PMID 17339574 </ref><ref name="PMID17309939">Use and misuse of the receiver operating characteristic curve in risk prediction. Circulation 115(7):928-35 (2007) PMID 17309939 </ref><ref name="PMID17283280">Receiver-operating characteristic analysis for evaluating diagnostic tests and predictive models. Circulation 115(5):654-7 (2007) PMID 17283280 </ref><ref name="PMID17200454">Survival methods. Circulation 115(1):109-13 (2007) PMID 17200454 </ref><ref name="PMID16365198">Standards for statistical models used for public reporting of health outcomes: an American Heart Association Scientific Statement from the Quality of Care and Outcomes Research Interdisciplinary Writing Group: cosponsored by the Council on Epidemiology and Prevention and the Stroke Council. Endorsed by the American College of Cardiology Foundation. Circulation 113(3):456-62 (2006) PMID 16365198 </ref><ref name="PMID15173053">The clinician as investigator: participating in clinical trials in the practice setting: Appendix 2: statistical concepts in study design and analysis. Circulation 109(21):e305-7 (2004) PMID 15173053 </ref><ref name="PMID15173052">The clinician as investigator: participating in clinical trials in the practice setting: Appendix 1: fundamentals of study design. Circulation 109(21):e302-4 (2004) PMID 15173052 </ref><ref name="PMID18728215">Interpreting results of clinical trials: a conceptual framework. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 3(5):1246-52 (2008) PMID 18728215 </ref><ref name="PMID18178786">Systematic review and meta-analysis: when one study is just not enough. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 3(1):253-60 (2008) PMID 18178786 </ref><ref name="PMID17699379">Practice recommendations based on low, very low, and missing evidence. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2(1):11-2 (2007) PMID 17699379 </ref><ref name="PMID17699334">Cohort studies: marching forward. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 1(5):1117-23 (2006) PMID 17699334 </ref><ref name="PMID17107979">The meta-analysis: supportive or illuminating? Eur Heart J 27(23):2744-5 (2006) PMID 17107979 </ref><ref name="PMID16870690">Progress and problems for randomized clinical trials: from streptomycin to the era of megatrials. Eur Heart J 27(18):2158-64 (2006) PMID 16870690 </ref><ref name="PMID16785246">Limitations of analyses of effectiveness using observational data. Eur Heart J 27(14):1642-3 (2006) PMID 16785246 </ref><ref name="PMID15253985">Interpretation of observational studies. Heart 90(8):956-60 (2004) PMID 15253985 </ref><ref name="PMID11302989">Absolute, attributable, and relative risk in the management of coronary heart disease. Heart 85(5):491-2 (2001) PMID 11302989 </ref><ref name="PMID15985692">Statistical issues in the analysis of neuronal data. J Neurophysiol 94(1):8-25 (2005) PMID 15985692 </ref><ref name="PMID18097119">The Bayesian clinician. J Postgrad Med 53(4):267-9 (2007) PMID 18097119 </ref><ref name="PMID7996506">Statistics in medical research--III. Correlation and regression analysis. J Postgrad Med 39(4):235-43 (1993) PMID 7996506 </ref><ref name="PMID17652297">Data extraction errors in meta-analyses that use standardized mean differences. JAMA 298(4):430-7 (2007) PMID 17652297 </ref><ref name="PMID12038922">How statistical expertise is used in medical research. JAMA 287(21):2817-20 (2002) PMID 12038922 </ref><ref name="PMID11497536">Comparison of evidence of treatment effects in randomized and nonrandomized studies. JAMA 286(7):821-30 (2001) PMID 11497536 </ref><ref name="PMID9676681">Methodology and reports of systematic reviews and meta-analyses: a comparison of Cochrane reviews with articles published in paper-based journals. JAMA 280(3):278-80 (1998) PMID 9676681 </ref><ref name="PMID9551387">Meta-analysis as a clinical tool in nephrology. Kidney Int 53(4):819-25 (1998) PMID 9551387 </ref><ref name="PMID18182407">Clinical research of kidney diseases IV: Standard regression models. Nephrol Dial Transplant 23(2):475-82 (2008) PMID 18182407 </ref><ref name="PMID17332213">P less than .05: what does it really mean? Pediatrics 119(3):608-10 (2007) PMID 17332213 </ref><ref name="PMID11884693">Data and models determine treatment proposals--an illustration from meta-analysis. Postgrad Med J 78(917):131-4 (2002) PMID 11884693 </ref><ref name="PMID11222834">Balancing statistical and clinical significance in evaluating treatment effects. Postgrad Med J 77(905):201-4 (2001) PMID 11222834 </ref><ref name="PMID10211346">Statistics in medicine: some considerations from a clinician's point of view. Postgrad Med J 74(876):577-8 (1998) PMID 10211346 </ref><ref name="PMID10662865">Potential bias in Kaplan-Meier survival analysis applied to rheumatology drug studies. Rheumatology (Oxford) 39(1):1-2 (2000) PMID 10662865 </ref><ref name="PMID16059787">When should you use statistics? Swiss Med Wkly 135(23-24):337-8 (2005) PMID 16059787 </ref><ref name="PMID14655052">Statistics in medical research. Swiss Med Wkly 133(39-40):522-9 (2003) PMID 14655052 </ref><ref name="PMID14655051">Statistics in medicine. Swiss Med Wkly 133(39-40):521 (2003) PMID 14655051 </ref><ref name="PMID1877042">Statistics in respiratory medicine. 3. Scale, parametric methods, and transformations. Thorax 46(7):536-8 (1991) PMID 1877042 </ref><ref name="PMID1858087">Statistics in respiratory medicine. 2. Repeatability and method comparison. Thorax 46(6):454-6 (1991) PMID 1858087 </ref><ref name="PMID15483190">A statistical evaluation of toxicity study designs for the estimation of the benchmark dose in continuous endpoints. Toxicol Sci 84(1):167-85 (2005) PMID 15483190 </ref><ref name="PMID11353128">Statistical issues in the analysis of low-dose endocrine disruptor data. Toxicol Sci 61(2):201-10 (2001) PMID 11353128 </ref><ref name="PMID17058242">Beyond randomized controlled trials: a critical comparison of trials with nonrandomized studies. Hepatology 44(5):1075-82 (2006) PMID 17058242 </ref><ref name="PMID8666350">Meta-analysis: an introduction and point of view. Hepatology 23(4):917-28 (1996) PMID 8666350 </ref><ref name="PMID18617074">Meta-analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol 52(3):237-8 (2008) PMID 18617074 </ref><ref name="PMID15172393">Prior convictions: Bayesian approaches to the analysis and interpretation of clinical megatrials. J Am Coll Cardiol 43(11):1929-39 (2004) PMID 15172393 </ref>
	== Bibliographie ==		== Bibliographie ==

Fmrauch: wieso hat das nur mit Medizin zu tun?

2024-11-19T18:42:15Z

wieso hat das nur mit Medizin zu tun?

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<ref name="PMID18755930">When is a negative phase II trial truly negative? Am J Respir Crit Care Med 178(6):554-5 (2008) PMID 18755930 </ref><ref name="PMID15590885">The ethical conduct of clinical research involving critically ill patients in the United States and Canada: principles and recommendations. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 170(12):1375-84 (2004) PMID 15590885 </ref><ref name="PMID15151921">Positive clinical trials: understand the control group before implementing the result. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 170(3):223-6 (2004) PMID 15151921 </ref><ref name="PMID9424990">Number needed to treat and relative risk reduction. Ann Intern Med 128(1):72-3 (1998) PMID 9424990 </ref><ref name="PMID7486471">Discordance between meta-analyses and large-scale randomized, controlled trials. Examples from the management of acute myocardial infarction. Ann Intern Med 123(11):873-7 (1995) PMID 7486471 </ref><ref name="PMID16040886">Understanding systematic reviews and meta-analysis. Arch Dis Child 90(8):845-8 (2005) PMID 16040886 </ref><ref name="PMID15102650">GRADE: levels of evidence and grades of recommendation. Arch Dis Child 89(5):489 (2004) PMID 15102650 </ref><ref name="PMID7492177">Statistics from the inside. 16. Multiple regression (2). Arch Dis Child 73(3):270-4 (1995) PMID 7492177 </ref><ref name="PMID8067802">Statistics from the inside. 13. Probability and decisions. Arch Dis Child 71(1):90-4 (1994) PMID 8067802 </ref><ref name="PMID8333779">10. Counted data (2). Arch Dis Child 68(6):800-2 (1993) PMID 8333779 </ref><ref name="PMID8481051">Counted data (1). Arch Dis Child 68(2):246-9 (1993) PMID 8481051 </ref><ref name="PMID1444537">Statistics from the inside. 7. Regression and correlation. Arch Dis Child 67(10):1306-9 (1992) PMID 1444537 </ref><ref name="PMID1626999">Statistics from the inside. 6. Data structures (continued). Arch Dis Child 67(6):757-9 (1992) PMID 1626999 </ref><ref name="PMID17296672">Documenting research in scientific articles: Guidelines for authors: 3. Reporting multivariate analyses. Chest 131(2):628-32 (2007) PMID 17296672 </ref><ref name="PMID17218594">Documenting research in scientific articles: guidelines for authors: 2. Reporting hypothesis tests. Chest 131(1):317-9 (2007) PMID 17218594 </ref><ref name="PMID17035466">Documenting research in scientific articles: guidelines for authors: reporting research designs and activities. Chest 130(4):1263-8 (2006) PMID 17035466 </ref><ref name="PMID11948065">The design of randomized clinical trials in critically ill patients. Chest 121(4):1290-300 (2002) PMID 11948065 </ref><ref name="PMID10988210">Reality and meta-analyses. Chest 118(3):835-6 (2000) PMID 10988210 </ref><ref name="PMID10988209">Is meta-analysis a metaphysical or a scientific method? Chest 118(3):832-4 (2000) PMID 10988209 </ref><ref name="PMID10453885">Is meta-analysis really meta-physics? Chest 116(2):539-42 (1999) PMID 10453885 </ref><ref name="PMID12386142">Advice on statistical analysis for Circulation Research. Circ Res 91(8):662-71 (2002) PMID 12386142 </ref><ref name="PMID18981315">A primer in longitudinal data analysis. Circulation 118(19):2005-10 (2008) PMID 18981315 </ref><ref name="PMID18711024">Some old and some new statistical tools for outcomes research. Circulation 118(8):872-84 (2008) PMID 18711024 </ref><ref name="PMID18519862">Survival methods: additional topics. Circulation 117(22):2949-55 (2008) PMID 18519862 </ref><ref name="PMID18506018">Methods and limitations of assessing new noninvasive tests: Part II: Outcomes-based validation and reliability assessment of noninvasive testing. Circulation 117(21):2793-801 (2008) PMID 18506018 </ref><ref name="PMID18490536">Methods and limitations of assessing new noninvasive tests: part I: Anatomy-based validation of noninvasive testing. Circulation 117(20):2684-90 (2008) PMID 18490536 </ref><ref name="PMID18458181">Logistic regression. Circulation 117(18):2395-9 (2008) PMID 18458181 </ref><ref name="PMID18378626">Multiple linear regression: accounting for multiple simultaneous determinants of a continuous dependent variable. Circulation 117(13):1732-7 (2008) PMID 18378626 </ref><ref name="PMID18172051">Analysis of variance. Circulation 117(1):115-21 (2008) PMID 18172051 </ref><ref name="PMID17965399">Association studies in an era of too much information: clinical analysis of new biomarker and genetic data. Circulation 116(17):1866-70 (2007) PMID 17965399 </ref><ref name="PMID17893285">What exactly do the trends mean? Circulation 116(13):1437-9 (2007) PMID 17893285 </ref><ref name="PMID17548743">Meta-analysis. 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| bgcolor="#dfdfdf" | '''Medline Suchterm/ Synonyme'''
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| bgcolor="#00dfdf" | '''Was ist das'''
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| bgcolor="#dfdfdf" | '''Struktur'''
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| bgcolor="#dfdfdf" | '''Physiologie'''
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| bgcolor="#dfdfdf" | '''Knockout'''
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| bgcolor="#dfdfdf" | '''Transgen'''
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| bgcolor="#dfdfdf" | '''Mutation'''
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| bgcolor="#dfdfdf" | '''Polymorphismus'''
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| bgcolor="#dfdfdf" | '''Genexpression'''
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| bgcolor="#dfdfdf" | '''Inhibitoren'''
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| bgcolor="#dfdfdf" | '''Agonisten'''
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== Bibliographie ==
<references />

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